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| 2. |
- Malmström, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 286:1912
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Neolithic period is characterized by major cultural transformations and human migrations, with lasting effects across Europe. To understand the population dynamics in Neolithic Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea area, we investigate the genomes of individuals associated with the Battle Axe Culture (BAC), a Middle Neolithic complex in Scandinavia resembling the continental Corded Ware Culture (CWC). We sequenced 11 individuals (dated to 3330-1665 calibrated before common era (cal BCE)) from modern-day Sweden, Estonia, and Poland to 0.26-3.24x coverage. Three of the individuals were from CWC contexts and two from the central-Swedish BAC burial 'Bergsgraven'. By analysing these genomes together with the previously published data, we show that the BAC represents a group different from other Neolithic populations in Scandinavia, revealing stratification among cultural groups. Similar to continental CWC, the BAC-associated individuals display ancestry from the Pontic-Caspian steppe herders, as well as smaller components originating from hunter-gatherers and Early Neolithic farmers. Thus, the steppe ancestry seen in these Scandinavian BAC individuals can be explained only by migration into Scandinavia. Furthermore, we highlight the reuse of megalithic tombs of the earlier Funnel Beaker Culture (FBC) by people related to BAC. The BAC groups likely mixed with resident middle Neolithic farmers (e.g. FBC) without substantial contributions from Neolithic foragers.
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| 3. |
- Mittnik, Alissa, et al.
(författare)
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The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While the series of events that shaped the transition between foraging societies and food producers are well described for Central and Southern Europe, genetic evidence from Northern Europe surrounding the Baltic Sea is still sparse. Here, we report genome-wide DNA data from 38 ancient North Europeans ranging from similar to 9500 to 2200 years before present. Our analysis provides genetic evidence that hunter-gatherers settled Scandinavia via two routes. We reveal that the first Scandinavian farmers derive their ancestry from Anatolia 1000 years earlier than previously demonstrated. The range of Mesolithic Western hunter-gatherers extended to the east of the Baltic Sea, where these populations persisted without gene-flow from Central European farmers during the Early and Middle Neolithic. The arrival of steppe pastoralists in the Late Neolithic introduced a major shift in economy and mediated the spread of a new ancestry associated with the Corded Ware Complex in Northern Europe.
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| 4. |
- Oras, Ester, et al.
(författare)
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Social food here and hereafter : Multiproxy analysis of gender-specific food consumption in conversion period inhumation cemetery at Kukruse, NE-Estonia
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0305-4403 .- 1095-9238. ; 97, s. 90-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current approaches in diet-related bioarchaeological research focus on establishing major developments in ancient societies, whilst small-scale and high-resolution studies of social constituents of past food consumption have gained far less attention. We conducted a multiproxy study of ancient diet in the 12th–13th century AD cemetery at Kukruse, NE-Estonia, in order to address the question of socially constrained food in the past. Two different food related archaeological sources – ceramic vessels and human bones – were investigated by applying organic residue (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), bulk isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS)), and plant microfossil analysis for the first, and human bone stable isotope (IRMS) analysis for the latter. Results show that there was a gender and to some extent also age-specific food consumption by different community members at Kukruse: male (and some older female) diet was based on more aquatic and higher trophic level organisms, whilst younger females tend to feed on lower trophic level and potentially more herbivorous animals and their products. The paper emphasises the concept of past diet as a social phenomenon, the aspects of which can be best revealed with the help of multiproxy bioarchaeological analysis.
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| 5. |
- Tõrv, Mari, et al.
(författare)
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Buried at home? Stable isotope analysis of the late hunter-gatherer cemetery population at Tamula, SE Estonia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Estonian Journal of Archaeology. - 1406-2933 .- 1736-7484. ; 27:2, s. 98-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The function of European Stone Age forager sites with several burials has been debated for decades. One little-known site of this kind is the 4th–3rd millennium cal BC Tamula I (hereinafter Tamula) in south-eastern Estonia. Bringing together the results of archaeological and archaeothanatological analyses and departing from stable isotope based dietary reconstructions together with the idea of ‘you are what you eat’ as a basis for forming a group identity, we discuss the function of Stone Age forager sites with more than one interment. Should these be considered cemeteries, meeting places or ordinary settlements? Bulk stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen isotope (δ15N) analysis of human skeletal remains from Tamula and a spatio-temporally close multiple burial at Veibri (5th millennium cal BC) demonstrate a significant consumption of freshwater resources. However, the stable isotope values from these two sites differ significantly, allowing a clear distinction between the two populations. Regarding these values not merely as a reflection of peoples’ dietary preferences, but also as a reflection of their primary identities and an indication of local ecologies, we argue that the stable isotope data together with the fact that the late foragers were sedentary provides additional insights into the discussion on the structure of buried populations. These new isotope data together with archaeological records from Tamula, Veibri and the Stone Age complex Zvejnieki in Latvia suggest that at least three different types of burial places existed among the hunter-gatherer communities in the eastern Baltic region during the Stone Age. In the future, these preliminary results about the people forming a burial community could be further consolidated by the establishment of local baseline information and the application of stable isotope analysis of single amino acids.
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