| 1. |
- Davenne, Damien, et al.
(author)
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Effectiveness of exercise
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Higher risk of accident is related to nocturnal activity when circadian clocks and sleep pressure increase sleepiness and decrease neurobehavioral performances. Performances assessed by simple reaction times remain stable for about 16 hr of wakefulness, and decrease thereafter to reach a dramatic impairment about 2-4 hr after the peak of melatonin. At that time the drowsiness that occurs has been identified as the reason behind fatal many individual and industrial accidents. Nocturnal neurobehavioral performance varies as a function of age. They are also widely dependant of individuals and only certain subjects seem significantly affected by sleep loss.Studies have demonstrated the efficiency of some countermeasures such as sleeping (or napping) and the use of alertness-increasing agents (i.e. caffeine) on driving. If alertness is improved immediately following exercise, during the day, this potential countermeasure has never been study during the night. Furthermore, Matsumoto et al. suggested that exercise during an extended period of wakefulness results in an increased risk in human error. The effect of physical exercise on cognitive and motor performance depends both on the intensity and the duration of the exercise. It is a physical exercise of moderate intensity and duration which appears to ameliorate brain function. Consequently, moderate physical exercise may minimize the declines of driving performances due to sleep deprivation. Furthermore, these effects may be dependent of the age of the participants.
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| 2. |
- Hof, Tineke, et al.
(author)
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Multilevel Intervention Mapping with sleepiness in focus
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Driver fatigue is an important risk factor in traffic safety and an issue for both private and professional drivers. This report provides an analysis of risk factors related to fatigue-related road accidents, and describes intervention goals at multiple levels in order to reduce sleepy driving among drivers. Private drivers who are on their way to or from their holiday were assigned as the specific target group.
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| 3. |
- Philip, Pierre, et al.
(author)
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Complaints of poor sleep and risk of traffic accidents : a population-based case-control study.
- 2014
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:12, s. e114102-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the sleepiness-related factors associated with road traffic accidents.METHODS: A population based case-control study was conducted in 2 French agglomerations. 272 road accident cases hospitalized in emergency units and 272 control drivers matched by time of day and randomly stopped by police forces were included in the study. Odds ratios were calculated for the risk of road traffic accidents.RESULTS: As expected, the main predictive factor for road traffic accidents was having a sleep episode at the wheel just before the accident (OR 9.97, CI 95%: 1.57-63.50, p<0.05). The increased risk of traffic accidents was 3.35 times higher in subjects who reported very poor quality sleep during the last 3 months (CI 95%: 1.30-8.63, p<0.05), 1.69 times higher in subjects reporting sleeping 6 hours or fewer per night during the last 3 months (CI 95%: 1.00-2.85, p<0.05), 2.02 times higher in subjects reporting symptoms of anxiety or nervousness in the previous day (CI 95%: 1.03-3.97, p<0.05), and 3.29 times higher in subjects reporting taking more than 2 medications in the last 24 h (CI 95%: 1.14-9.44, p<0.05). Chronic daytime sleepiness measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, expressed heavy snoring and nocturnal leg movements did not explain traffic accidents.CONCLUSION: Physicians should be attentive to complaints of poor sleep quality and quantity, symptoms of anxiety-nervousness and/or drug consumption in regular car drivers.
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| 4. |
- Sagaspe, Patricia, et al.
(author)
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Extended driving impairs nocturnal driving performances.
- 2008
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In: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 31, s. A116-A116
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Extended driving impairs nocturnal driving performances.Sagaspe P, Taillard J, Akerstedt T, Bayon V, Espié S, Chaumet G, Bioulac B, Philip P. GENPPHASS, CHU Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France.Though fatigue and sleepiness at the wheel are well-known risk factors for traffic accidents, many drivers combine extended driving and sleep deprivation. Fatigue-related accidents occur mainly at night but there is no experimental data available to determine if the duration of prior driving affects driving performance at night. Participants drove in 3 nocturnal driving sessions (3-5 am, 1-5 am and 9 pm-5 am) on open highway. Fourteen young healthy men (mean age [+/-SD] = 23.4 [+/-1.7] years) participated Inappropriate line crossings (ILC) in the last hour of driving of each session, sleep variables, self-perceived fatigue and sleepiness were measured. Compared to the short (3-5 am) driving session, the incidence rate ratio of inappropriate line crossings increased by 2.6 (95% CI, 1.1 to 6.0; P<.05) for the intermediate (1-5 am) driving session and by 4.0 (CI, 1.7 to 9.4; P<.001) for the long (9 pm-5 am) driving session. Compared to the reference session (9-10 pm), the incidence rate ratio of inappropriate line crossings were 6.0 (95% CI, 2.3 to 15.5; P<.001), 15.4 (CI, 4.6 to 51.5; P<.001) and 24.3 (CI, 7.4 to 79.5; P<.001), respectively, for the three different durations of driving. Self-rated fatigue and sleepiness scores were both positively correlated to driving impairment in the intermediate and long duration sessions (P<.05) and increased significantly during the nocturnal driving sessions compared to the reference session (P<.01). At night, extended driving impairs driving performances and therefore should be limited.
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| 5. |
- Schwarz, Johanna F. A., et al.
(author)
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In-car countermeasures open window and music revisited on the real road : popular but hardly effective against driver sleepiness
- 2012
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In: Journal of Sleep Research. - : Wiley. - 0962-1105 .- 1365-2869. ; 21:5, s. 595-599
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated the effects of two very commonly used countermeasures against driver sleepiness, opening the window and listening to music, on subjective and physiological sleepiness measures during real road driving. In total, 24 individuals participated in the study. Sixteen participants received intermittent 10-min intervals of: (i) open window (2 cm opened); and (ii) listening to music, during both day and night driving on an open motorway. Both subjective sleepiness and physiological sleepiness (blink duration) was estimated to be significantly reduced when subjects listened to music, but the effect was only minor compared with the pronounced effects of night driving and driving duration. Open window had no attenuating effect on either sleepiness measure. No significant long-term effects beyond the actual countermeasure application intervals occurred, as shown by comparison to the control group (n = 8). Thus, despite their popularity, opening the window and listening to music cannot be recommended as sole countermeasures against driver sleepiness.
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| 6. |
- Taillard, Jacques, et al.
(author)
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Effectiveness of blue light
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- At night, driving ability is impaired by sleepiness induced by sleep deprivation. To meet societal demand, it is necessary to develop countermeasures to fight this drowsiness. Currently, caffeine and naps are effective countermeasures but they have some limitations (differences between individuals in terms of efficiency, limited efficiency duration, side effects). The development and evaluation of new and easily usable countermeasures is wished for the prevention of accidents related to sleepiness. A light wavelength of 480 nm (light blue) improves performance and increases the night time arousal. This countermeasure will be tested under real driving conditions. Since there are differences between individuals in the driving ability degradation induced by sleep deprivation and in the countermeasures efficiency duration, this study will also attempt to determine whether some gene polymorphisms (e.g. PER3, COMT, ADORA2A and ADA polymorphism) or some hormone concentrations (e.g. cortisol and amylase concentrations) involved in regulating the sleep / wake cycle can explain the differences between individuals. Basal cognitive performance of subjects could also explain these inter individual differences. Age is an important factor to consider because half of fatal and nonfatal accidents involving young people occur at night and nocturnal performance were considerably more impaired in young than in older subjects.
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| 7. |
- Taillard, Jacques, et al.
(author)
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In-car nocturnal blue light exposure improves motorway driving : a randomized controlled trial
- 2012
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Prolonged wakefulness greatly decreases nocturnal driving performance. The development of in-car countermeasures is a future challenge to prevent sleep-related accidents. The aim of this study is to determine whether continuous exposure to monochromatic light in the short wavelengths (blue light), placed on the dashboard, improves night-time driving performance. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, 48 healthy male participants (aged 20-50 years) drove 400 km (250 miles) on motorway during night-time. They randomly and consecutively received either continuous blue light exposure (GOLite, Philips, 468 nm) during driving or 2*200 mg of caffeine or placebo of caffeine before and during the break. Treatments were separated by at least 1 week. The outcomes were number of inappropriate line crossings (ILC) and mean standard deviation of the lateral position (SDLP). Eight participants (17%) complained about dazzle during blue light exposure and were removed from the analysis. Results from the 40 remaining participants (mean age ± SD: 32.9±11.1) showed that countermeasures reduced the number of inappropriate line crossings (ILC) (F(2,91.11) = 6.64; p<0.05). Indeed, ILC were lower with coffee (12.51 [95% CI, 5.86 to 19.66], p = 0.001) and blue light (14.58 [CI, 8.75 to 22.58], p = 0.003) than with placebo (26.42 [CI, 19.90 to 33.71]). Similar results were found for SDLP. Treatments did not modify the quality, quantity and timing of 3 subsequent nocturnal sleep episodes. Despite a lesser tolerance, a non-inferior efficacy of continuous nocturnal blue light exposure compared with caffeine suggests that this in-car countermeasure, used occasionally, could be used to fight nocturnal sleepiness at the wheel in blue light-tolerant drivers, whatever their age. More studies are needed to determine the reproducibility of data and to verify if it can be generalized to women.
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