| 1. |
- Benisty, H., et al.
(författare)
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Low-loss photonic-crystal and monolithic InP integration : Bands, bends, lasers, filters
- 2004
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Ingår i: Photonic Crystal Materials and Devices II. - : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 0819452688 ; , s. 119-128
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Practical realizations of 2D (planar) photonics crystal (PhC) are either on a membrane or etched through a conventional heterostructure. While fascinating objects can emerge from the first approach, only the latter approach lends itself to a progressive integration of more compact PhC's towards monolithic PICs based on InP. We describe in this talk the various aspects from technology to functions and devices, as emerged from the European collaboration "PCIC". The main technology tour de force is deep-etching with aspect ratio of about 10 and vertical sidewall, achieved by three techniques (CAIBE, ICP-RIE, ECR-RIE). The basic functions explored are bends, splitters/combiners, mirrors, tapers, and the devices are filters and lasers. At the end of the talk, I will emphasize some positive aspects of "broad" multimode PhC waveguides, in view of compact add-drop filtering action, notably.
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| 2. |
- Benisty, H., et al.
(författare)
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Models and measurements for the transmission of submicron-width waveguide bends defined in two-dimensional photonic crystals
- 2002
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Ingår i: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics. - 0018-9197 .- 1558-1713. ; 38:7, s. 770-785
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the essential building-blocks of miniature photonic crystal (PC)-based photonic integrated circuits (PICs) is the sharp bend. Our group has focused on the 2-D photonic crystal based on a triangular lattice of holes perforating a standard heterostructure. The latter, GaAlAs-based or InP-based, is vertically a monomode waveguide. We consider essentially one or two 60 bends defined by one to five missing rows, spanning both cases of monomode and multimode channel waveguides. From intensive modeling and various experimental measurements (both on GaAs and InP), we point out the origin of the present level of bend insertion losses and discuss the merits of the many roads open for improved design.
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| 3. |
- de Rossi, S., et al.
(författare)
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Longitudinal mode selection in constricted photonic crystal guides and electrically injected lasers
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Lightwave Technology. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0733-8724 .- 1558-2213. ; 23:3, s. 1363-1368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Locally reducing the width of a wide photonic crystal (PhC) waveguide generates a constriction which acts as an internal reflector. We have simulated and measured the spectral behavior of a wide PhC waveguide locally constricted to a narrower PhC waveguide and ended by two cleaved facets, thus generating two coupled cavities. Passive structures as well as electrically injected active structures have been investigated. The multimode behavior of wide PhC waveguides is evidenced to play a deciding role. Modal reflection and transmission at the constriction are simulated and measured on passive PhC waveguides, when varying the constrictions' hole size and length. The spectral behavior of full-PhC electrically pumped lasers including such a constriction is measured and analyzed according to the constriction geometry. Design rules are finally proposed to take advantage of this coupled-cavities behavior for high rejection and high external efficiency monomode laser operation.
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| 4. |
- Ferrini, R., et al.
(författare)
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Minimization of out-of-plane losses in planar photonic crystals by optimizing the vertical waveguide
- 2004
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 85:18, s. 3998-4000
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A two-dimensional phenomenological approach previously developed for the modeling of out-of-plane losses in low refractive index contrast planar photonic crystals (PPhCs) is used to study the dependence of the different loss terms on the planar waveguide parameters. It is demonstrated that: (i) Losses can be minimized by designing vertical heterostructures optimized for a given technological process and/or for a given hole shape; and (ii) any small reduction of the loss value has a strong impact on the optical performances of PPhC structures.
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| 5. |
- Martin, M. J., et al.
(författare)
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Evidence of Bloch wave propagation within photonic crystal waveguides
- 2006
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Ingår i: Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics (Print). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0946-2171 .- 1432-0649. ; 82:1, s. 9-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report in this paper results obtained from characterizations of photonic band gap waveguide, using near field optical microscopy. We will show evidence of a Bloch wave propagating within our W1 photonic crystal waveguides (PCWs) structure, using a 2D Fourier transform approach. The processed image will then be compared to simulations obtained from plane wave method. This comparison exhibits that near-field measurements, using tapered optical fibers as probes, are mainly sensitive to the electric field propagating within the structure.
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| 6. |
- Aubin, G., et al.
(författare)
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Highly dispersive photonic crystal-based guiding structures
- 2006
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Ingår i: CLEO/QELS 2006. - : Optical Society of America. - 1557528136 - 9781557528131 ; , s. 972-974
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Propagating modes supported by Photonic-Crystal guiding structures can demonstrate very high group velocity dispersion close to a cut-off. We investigate here the wavelength dependence of the dispersion for different Photonic Crystal structures.
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| 7. |
- Benyattou, T., et al.
(författare)
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Optical Bloch waves studied by near optical field microscopy
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of the Korean Physical Society. - 0374-4884 .- 1976-8524. ; 47, s. S72-S75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photonic bandgap structures are very promising for the integration of optical function at the nanoscale level and particularly 2D structures perforated on a slab waveguide. In this context, photonic crystal waveguides obtained by removing rows of holes in the periodic structure are very interesting. We will present here, results of near field optical microscopy conducted on PCW. With a Fourier transform analysis of the image, we can image the Bloch waves propagating in the waveguide. The results are compared to FDTD simulations and we will show that the images obtained correspond to the electric field. Such result allows us to study the interaction of the optical tip with the electromagnetic field. 2D FDTD simulations of 1D photonic crystal interaction with a SNOM tip is presented. The results obtained confirm that the SNOM signal is mainly related to the electric field.
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| 8. |
- Berrier, Audrey, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of the feature-size dependence in Ar/Cl2 chemically assisted ion beam etching of InP-based photonic crystal devices
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B. - : American Vacuum Society. - 1071-1023 .- 1520-8567. ; 25:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors address feature-size dependence in Ar/Cl-2, chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) in the context of the fabrication of photonic crystal (PhC) structures. They systematically investigate the influence of various parameters such as hole diameter (115-600 nm), etch duration (10-60 min), and ion beam energy (300-600 eV) on PhC etching in InP with Ar/Cl-2, CAIBE. For a 60 min etching at an Ar-ion energy of 400 eV, the authors report an etch depth of 5 mu m for hole diameters d larger than 300 nm; the etch depth is in excess of 3 mu m for d larger than 200 nm. The evolution of roughness at the bottom of the etched holes and its dependence on hole size and etching conditions,is discussed. The physical mechanism of the observed feature-size dependent etching (FSDE) is then discussed and the effect of the process parameters is qualitatively understood using a model combining the effect of ion sputtering and surface chemical reactions. Finally, the effect of FSDE on the PhC optical properties is assessed by measuring the quality factor of one-dimensional Fabry-Perot PhC cavities. The measured quality factors show a clear trend with the etch depth: the cavity Q increases as the etch depth increases.
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| 9. |
- Berrier, Audrey, et al.
(författare)
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Feature size effects in Ar/Cl-2 chemically assisted ion beam etching of InP-based protonic crystals
- 2006
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Ingår i: 2006 International Conference on Indium Phosphide and Related Materials Conference Proceedings. - NEW YORK : IEEE. - 9780780395572 ; , s. 341-344
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work addresses feature size effects (the lag-effect and roughness development) in chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) etching of InP-based photonic crystals. Photonic crystal fields The slope of the etch,with varying hole size and periods were etched with different etching times. depth versus diameter cures (lag-curves) reveals an aspect ratio dependence, with an etch limiting aspect ratio of the order of 25. A model of the etch rate specific to Ar/Cl-2 CAIBE is proposed. We calculate the etch rate using a physico-chemical model which takes in to account the effect of Ar-ion sputtering and surface chemical reactions. lit addition, it combines the aspect ratio dependence of the gas conductance of the etched holes. Finally, the bottom roughness of the etched holes is examined; its origin and evolution are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Berrier, Audrey, et al.
(författare)
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Feature size effects in chemically assisted ion beam etching of InP-based photonic crystals - art. no. 632707
- 2006
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Ingår i: Nanoengineering: Fabrication, Properties, Optics, and Devices III. - BELLINGHAM, WA : SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING. - 0819464066 ; , s. 32707-32707
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work addresses feature size effects (the lag-effect and roughness development) in chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) etching of InP-based photonic crystals. Photonic crystal fields with varying hole size and periods were etched with different etching times. The slope of the etch depth versus diameter curves (lag-curves) reveals a hole size dependence, with a critical aspect ratio higher than 25. A model for the etch rate specific to Ar/Cl-2 CAIBE is proposed. We calculate the etch rate using a physico-chemical model which takes in to account the effect of Ar-ion sputtering and surface chemical reactions. In addition, it combines the aspect ratio dependence of the gas conductance of the etched holes. The origin and evolution of the bottom roughness of the etched holes is examined. The impact of the feature size dependence of the etching on the photonic crystal optical properties is then assessed by measuring the quality-factor of one-dimensional Fabry-Perot cavities using the Internal Light Source method, and discussed in terms of hole shape and depth. A systematic trend between the determined quality factor (Q) and the lag-effect is evidenced: Q decreases from about 250 to 60 when the hole depth drops from 5 mu m to 2 mu m.
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