| 1. |
- Andersson, Malte, 1941, et al.
(författare)
-
”Minskande befolkning är inte problemet”
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. ; :1 augusti, DN-debatt
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Nätverket Population Matters Sweden: En uppmärksammad studie i The Lancet pekar mot en lägre befolkningsökning i världen än tidigare prognoser. Men en miljard människor till är fortfarande långt över vad jorden klarar. Befolkningstrenden måste snarare vända neråt, och det kräver åtgärder för att stärka kvinnors rättigheter världen över.
|
|
| 2. |
- Bravo, Giangiacomo, et al.
(författare)
-
Are two resources really better than one? : Some unexpected results of the availability of substitutes
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 92:11, s. 2865-2874
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The possibility of exploiting multiple resources is usually regarded as positive from both the economic and the environmental point of view. However, resource switching may also lead to unsustainable growth and, ultimately, to an equilibrium condition which is worse than the one that could have been achieved with a single resource. We developed a dynamic model where users exploit multiple resources and have different levels of preference among them. In this setting, exploiting multiple resources leads to worse outcomes in both economic and ecological terms than the single resource case under a wide range of parameter configurations. Our arguments are illustrated using two empirical situations, namely oil drilling in the North Sea and whale hunting in the Antarctic.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bravo, Giangiacomo, et al.
(författare)
-
The evolution of trust in non-simultaneous exchange situations
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Rationality and Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1043-4631 .- 1461-7358. ; 20:1, s. 85-113
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trust is an important concept that intersects a number of different disciplines, including economics, sociology, and political science, and maintains some meaning even in the natural sciences. Any situation where non-simultaneous exchanges between living organisms take place involves a problem of trust. We used computer simulations to study the evolution of trust in non-simultaneous exchange situations formalized by means of a Trust game. We found that trust and reciprocity-based cooperation are likely to emerge only when agents have the possibility of building trustworthy reputations and when the information regarding agents’ past behaviors is sufficiently spread in the system. Both direct and indirect reciprocity play a role in fostering cooperation. However, the strength of the latter is greater under most of the examined conditions. In general, our findings are consistent with theories arguing for a positive feedback relationship between trust, reputation, and reciprocity, leading together to higher levels of cooperation.
|
|
| 4. |
- Gargano, Francesco, et al.
(författare)
-
Large-scale effects of migration and conflict in pre-agricultural groups: Insights from a dynamic model
- 2017
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PLOS. - 1932-6203. ; 12:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The debate on the causes of conflict in human societies has deep roots. In particular, the extent of conflict in hunter-gatherer groups remains unclear. Some authors suggest that large-scale violence only arose with the spreading of agriculture and the building of complex societies. To shed light on this issue, we developed a model based on operatorial techniques simulating population-resource dynamics within a two-dimensional lattice, with humans and natural resources interacting in each cell of the lattice. The model outcomes under different conditions were compared with recently available demographic data for prehistoric South America. Only under conditions that include migration among cells and conflict was the model able to consistently reproduce the empirical data at a continental scale. We argue that the interplay between resource competition, migration, and conflict drove the population dynamics of South America after the colonization phase and before the introduction of agriculture. The relation between population and resources indeed emerged as a key factor leading to migration and conflict once the carrying capacity of the environment has been reached.
|
|
| 5. |
- Tamburino, Lucia, et al.
(författare)
-
An Analysis of Three Decades of Increasing Carbon Emissions : The Weight of the P Factor
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A dominant narrative in the climate change debate is that addressing population is not relevant for mitigation because population is only growing in the poorest countries, whose contribution to global carbon emissions is negligible, while the largest contribution comes from rich countries where the population no longer grows. We conducted an analysis of 30 years of emission data for all world countries showing that this narrative is misleading. Splitting the countries into four income groups according to the World Bank’s standard classification, we found that: (i) population is growing in all four groups; (ii) low-income countries’ contribution to emissions increase is indeed limited; (iii) the largest contribution to global carbon emissions comes from the upper-middle group; (iv) population growth is the main driver of emissions increase in all income groups except the upper-middle one; (v) the successful reduction in per capita emissions that occurred in high-income countries was nullified by the parallel increase in population in the same group. Our analysis suggests that climate change mitigation strategies should address population along with per capita consumption and technological innovation, in a comprehensive approach to the problem.
|
|
| 6. |
- Tamburino, Lucia, et al.
(författare)
-
Ecological efficiency : The ability to achieve human well-being while limiting environmental impact
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Environmental and Sustainability Indicators. - : Elsevier. - 2665-9727. ; 21
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To reach the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, humanity should improve its capacity to achieve well-being and development while reducing its environmental impact. This calls for increased efficiency in the process of transforming natural resources into well-being. We present here a novel indicator called Ecological Efficiency and developed to capture this important aspect of the human-environment relation. We found large differences in efficiency among world countries. We then analyzed the relation between our indicator and several country-level variables encompassing different human dimensions, such as economic, political, and demographic. Results highlighted that demography affects Ecological Efficiency more than other factors.
|
|
| 7. |
- Tamburino, Lucia, et al.
(författare)
-
From population to production : 50 years of scientific literature on how to feed the world
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Global Food Security. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-9124. ; 24
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- How to feed the world is a vigorously debated question, but the extent to which possible solutions receive attention in the scientific literature has not been studied. Using textual analysis, we analyse 12,640 research articles to quantify how this discourse evolved over the last 50 years, distinguishing between a focus on three potential levers: total food production, per capita food demand, and population. We find a strong and increasing focus on feeding the world through increasing food production via technology, while the focus on reducing food demand through less intensive dietary patterns has remained constant and low. Population has declined from being the dominant lever discussed in 1969 to the least researched in 2018. Our results suggest that very few studies address all three levers in an integrated way, which may be constraining the solution space for feeding the world and meeting other Sustainable Development Goals.
|
|
| 8. |
- Tamburino, Lucia, et al.
(författare)
-
Mice in Wonderforest: Understanding mast seeding through individual-based modelling
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Ecological Modelling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-3800 .- 1872-7026. ; 250, s. 34-44
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mast seeding is the synchronous production of large amounts of seeds at long intervals in plant populations. It is observed in several genera and its explanation remains controversial. To test one of the most popular hypotheses, predator satiation, we developed a virtual experiment based on an individual-based model reproducing the interaction between trees and seed predators in a simulated forest. This allowed a direct comparison between masting and no-masting cases, as would have been impossible in reality. The large differences observed between the two scenarios strongly supported the hypothesis. At the same time, a second mechanism similar to the classic paradox of enrichment seemed to play a crucial role, working in synergy with predator satiation to keep in check seed predator populations. More generally, we showed that the resource distribution over time can deeply affect population dynamics, even when the overall amount of the resource is kept constant.
|
|
| 9. |
- Tamburino, Lucia, et al.
(författare)
-
Reconciling a positive ecological balance with human development : A quantitative assessment
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier. - 1470-160X .- 1872-7034. ; 129
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clear indicators and evaluation criteria are essential to keep humanity’s environmental impact within planetary boundaries. We introduce a new criterion based on two constraints, accounting for both ecological and human sustainability. The ecological constraint is defined through a novel indicator, the eco-balance, grounded on the well known concept of ecological footprint and the new concept of population biodensity. The human sustainability constraint is based on the estimated level of biocapacity consumption needed to achieve an acceptable level of human development. The application of our criterion to world countries shows where technological improvements and changes in consumption patterns are sufficient to reach sustainability, and where actions on population and/or restoring ecological capital are also needed. This highlights synergic patterns going beyond simplistic schemes, such as overconsumption vs. overpopulation or developed vs. developing countries.
|
|
| 10. |
- Tamburino, Lucia, et al.
(författare)
-
Water management for irrigation, crop yield and social attitudes : a socio-agricultural agent-based model to explore a collective action problem
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Hydrological Sciences Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0262-6667 .- 2150-3435. ; 65:11, s. 1815-1829
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When rainfall does not meet crop water requirements, supplemental irrigation is needed to maintain productivity. On-farm ponds can prevent excessive groundwater exploitation - to the benefit of the whole community - but they reduce the cultivated area and require investments by each farmer. Thus, choosing the source of water for irrigation (groundwatervson-farm pond) is a problem of collective action. An agent-based model is developed to simulate a smallholder farming system; the farmers' long-/short-view orientation determines the choice of the water source. We identify the most beneficial water source for economic gain and its stability, and how it can change across communities and under future climate scenarios. By using on-farm ponds, long-view-oriented farmers provide collective advantages but have individual advantages only under extreme climates; a tragedy of the commons is always possible. Changes in farmers' attitudes (and hence sources of water) based on previous experiences can worsen the economic outcome.
|
|
