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- Tarkowski, E, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebral pattern of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in dementias
- 2003
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Ingår i: Brain Research Bulletin. - 0361-9230. ; 61:3, s. 255-260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The knowledge regarding putative inflammatory component(s) participating in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VAD) is scarce. Recently, we have demonstrated the presence of certain inflammatory cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of demented patients. Although the initial event(s) triggering the neurodegenerative processes in AD versus VAD may be different and lead to different neuropathological changes, it may initiate a similar cascade of cytokine production in response to neuronal injury. The cytokines released in the central nervous system (CNS) may, in turn, act in a similar manner in both diseases, amplifying some pathological changes such as amyloidogenesis and white matter lesions or on the contrary acting as neuroprotective molecules. This review will focus on the intracerebral production of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-6 and TNF-alpha in dementia, and their relation to gene polymorphism, to cerebral neuronal damage, apoptosis, and to clinical variables of dementia. Our results, which show for the first time strikingly increased CSF levels of TNF-alpha but not of TNF-beta, IL-1beta or IL-6 in AD and VAD, may form a conceptual framework for further studies of neuroprotective mechanisms in dementias. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Tarkowski, E, et al.
(författare)
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TNF gene polymorphism and its relation to intracerebral production of TNFalpha and TNFbeta in AD
- 2000
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Ingår i: Neurology. - 1526-632X. ; 54:11, s. 2077-2081
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To analyze the extent of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and TNFbeta gene polymorphism in patients with AD and to relate it to intrathecal levels of these cytokines. METHODS: Analyses of TNFalpha and TNFbeta gene polymorphism were performed using PCR in 52 patients with AD and in 25 control subjects, and the levels of corresponding cytokines were analyzed using ELISA. RESULTS: Patients with AD displayed significantly higher intrathecal levels of TNFalpha, but not TNFbeta, compared with the control subjects. The levels of these cytokines did not differ significantly in patients displaying different alleles of the TNF gene. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that increased intrathecal production of TNFalpha in AD is preferentially controlled by environmental stimuli rather than genetic makeup.
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| 6. |
- Bergquist, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Discovery of endogenous catecholamines in lymphocytes and evidence for catecholamine regulation of lymphocyte function via an autocrine loop.
- 1994
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 91:26, s. 12912-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence has been obtained that catecholamines and their metabolites are present in single lymphocytes and extracts of T- and B-cell clones by use of capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Pharmacological inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase reduces observed catecholamine levels, suggesting catecholamine synthesis by lymphocytes. Intracellular dopamine levels are shown to be increased by extra-cellular dopamine, suggesting a cellular-uptake mechanism. Furthermore, incubation with either dopamine or L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a precursor of dopamine, results in a dose-dependent inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. Together, these results suggest the presence of an autocrine loop whereby lymphocytes down-regulate their own activity.
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| 7. |
- Bergquist, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Measurements of catecholamine-mediated apoptosis of immunocompetent cells by capillary electrophoresis.
- 1997
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Ingår i: Electrophoresis. - : Wiley. - 0173-0835 .- 1522-2683. ; 18:10, s. 1760-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single cell analysis with capillary electrophoresis, a technique capable of detecting zeptomole quantities (10(-21) mole) of neurochemical species, has been used to demonstrate that lymphocytes are capable of active synthesis of dopamine and norepinephrine. Exposure of lymphocytes to catecholamines at concentrations as low as 10 nM leads to decreased proliferation and differentiation, e.g. interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and immunoglobulin (Ig). In addition, both inhibition of dopamine uptake with nomifensine and inhibition of packing of catecholamines into vesicles with tetrabenazine, results in significantly lower levels of dopamine and norepinephrine (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). The catecholamine-dependent inhibition of T- and B-lymphocyte activity is mediated via an induction of a Bcl-2/Bax and Fas/FasL involved apoptosis. These findings indicate a novel mechanism for regulation of lymphocyte activity in the central nervous system, whereby elevated regional levels of catecholamines might lead to the immunoprivilege of the brain.
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| 8. |
- Hogevik, Harriet, et al.
(författare)
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Virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus strains causing infective endocarditis--a comparison with strains from skin infections.
- 1998
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Ingår i: APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0903-4641 .- 0903-465X .- 1600-5503 .- 1600-0463. ; 106:9, s. 901-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective was to study potential bacterial virulence factors in S. aureus endocarditis. S. aureus strains isolated from patients with well-classified episodes of infective endocarditis (IE) (n=26) were compared with control S. aureus strains from consecutive patients with skin infections (n=30). The potential virulence factors studied were Staphylococcal enterotoxin A-D (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED) and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) production and binding capacity to the extracellular matrix proteins: fibronectin, collagen type I, collagen type II and bone sialoprotein (BSP). None of the potential virulence factors studied was more prevalent among the IE strains. BSP binding was more often found in the control group with skin infections. Endocarditis patients with previous damage of the heart valves were more often infected by strains not producing any enterotoxin. No correlation was found between the potential bacterial virulence factors studied and IE. Concerning the toxins known to act as superantigens (SEA-E and TSST-1), the tendencies in this and other studies indicate that a larger study group might identify them as pathogenic factors in a subgroup of staphylococcal endocarditis.
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