| 1. |
- Abbasalizadeh, Aida, et al.
(författare)
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Dysprosium extraction using molten salt process
- 2014
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Ingår i: Rare metal technology 2014. - Hoboken, NJ, USA : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. - 9781118888827 ; , s. 207-208
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Abbasalizadeh, Aida, et al.
(författare)
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Highlights of the Salt Extraction Process
- 2013
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Ingår i: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 65:11, s. 1552-1558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents the salient features of a new process for the recovery of metal values from secondary sources and waste materials such as slag and flue dusts. It is also feasible in extracting metals such as nickel and cobalt from ores that normally are difficult to enrich and process metallurgically. The salt extraction process is based on extraction of the metals from the raw materials by a molten salt bath consisting of NaCl, LiCl, and KCl corresponding to the eutectic composition with AlCl3 as the chlorinating agent. The process is operated in the temperature range 973 K (700 degrees C) to 1173 K (900 degrees C). The process was shown to be successful in extracting Cr and Fe from electric arc furnace (EAF) slag. Electrolytic copper could be produced from copper concentrate based on chalcopyrite in a single step. Conducting the process in oxygen-free atmosphere, sulfur could be captured in the elemental form. The method proved to be successful in extracting lead from spent cathode ray tubes. In order to prevent the loss of AlCl3 in the vapor form and also chlorine gas emission at the cathode during the electrolysis, liquid aluminum was used. The process was shown to be successful in extracting Nd and Dy from magnetic scrap. The method is a highly promising process route for the recovery of strategic metals. It also has the added advantage of being environmentally friendly.
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| 3. |
- Abbasalizadeh, Aida, et al.
(författare)
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Neodymium extraction using salt extraction process
- 2015
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Ingår i: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. - : Maney Publishing. - 0371-9553 .- 1743-2855. ; 124:4, s. 191-198
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present paper deals with the feasibility of the neodymium recovery from spent Nd-Fe-B magnets using molten salt electrodeposition method. The salt bath consisted of a mixture of LiCl- KCl-NaCl corresponding to the eutectic composition. The experimental set-up with its salient features is presented. AlCl3 was used as flux and graphite rods dipped in the salt bath served as electrodes. The voltage for the electrolysis was chosen on the basis of the decomposition potential of NdCl3. The reaction sequence can be described as Iron-free neodymium deposition could be carried out successfully. In view of the proximity of the electrode potentials, the co-deposition of the aluminium and neodymium was observed to occur at the cathode, as revealed by SEM/EDS and XRD analyses of the electrodeposit.
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| 4. |
- Abbasalizadeh, A., et al.
(författare)
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Rare Earth Extraction from NdFeB Magnets and Rare Earth Oxides Using Aluminum Chloride/Fluoride Molten Salts
- 2015
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Ingår i: Rare Earths Industry. - : Elsevier. - 9780128023280 ; , s. 357-373
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the current research, the feasibility of the recovery of neodymium and dysprosium from spent NdFeB magnets (about 6wt% Dy) was investigated using molten salt processes. The salt bath consisted of a eutectic composition of an NaCl-KCl-LiCl mixture. To enable the efficient dissolution of metal in the molten salt phase, AlCl3 was used as a chlorinating agent. Iron-free electrodeposition was carried out successfully. Energy-dispersive spectroscopic analysis of the electrodeposit revealed that co-deposition of the dysprosium occurs along with neodymium at the cathode. The process shows that this method is well suited for recovering rare earth metals from magnetic scrap containing these metals.Furthermore, the setup design for recovery of neodymium and dysprosium from their oxides was investigated with regard to previous studies on the neodymium magnets. The stability of different fluoride and chloride salts was studied by means of thermodynamic calculation. Aluminum fluoride-based molten salt systems were studied in detail as the electrolyte for electrochemical extraction of rare earth oxides into rare earth metal elements with Al.
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| 5. |
- Albertsson, Galina
(författare)
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Abatement of Chromium Emissions from Steelmaking Slags - Cr Stabilization by Phase Separation
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Chromium is an important alloying element in stainless steel but also environmentally harmful element. A number of mineralogical phases present in the slag matrix can contain chromium and lead to chromium leaching. Chromium in slag if not stabilized, could oxidize to the cancerogenic hexavalent state, and leach out if exposed to acidic and oxygen rich environment. Other environmental concerns are slag dusting and chromium escape to the atmosphere. Despite the fact that there is a certain risk of Cr-emission from slags at operating conditions, still very little is known regarding the emission of the oxides of chromium during the slag tapping. Spinel phase is known to be important for controlling the leaching properties of chromium from the slag. The objective of the present study was to get an understanding of the phase relationships and chromium partition in the chromium-containing industrial slags and synthetic slags with a view to control the chromium stabilization in spinel phase. The impact of slag basicity, heat treatment, oxygen partial pressure and Al2O3 addition, on the phase relationships and chromium partition has been determined. The experimental results were compared with the phase equilibrium calculations. It was found that the oxygen partial pressure in the gas phase had a strong impact on chromium partition. The experimental results show that the impact of the slag basicity on chromium partition at lower oxygen partial pressures was negligible in contrast to that in air. The amount of spinel phase was found to increase with increased Al2O3 content. Slow cooling of slag and soaking at low oxygen partial pressure would improve the spinel phase precipitation. This treatment will also lead to less Cr dissolved in the unstable matrix phases. Chromium oxide was found to be emitted when chromium containing slags were exposed to oxidizing atmosphere. The results indicate that chromium oxide evaporation increases with increase in temperature and oxygen partial pressure, but decreases with slag basicity and sample thickness.
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| 6. |
- Albertsson, Galina, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Low Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Chromium Partition in CaO-MgO-SiO2-Cr2O3-Al2O3 Synthetic Slag at Elevated Temperatures
- 2013
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Ingår i: Steel Research International. - : Wiley. - 1611-3683 .- 1869-344X. ; 84:7, s. 670-679
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of the present work is to get an understanding of the impact of Al2O3 addition on the phase relationships in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-Cr2O3 slags at low oxygen partial pressures (P-O2 = 10(-4) Pa), with a view to control the precipitation of Cr-spinel in the slag. The equilibrium phases in CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-Cr2O3 slag system in the range on 1673-1873 K have been investigated. The compositions close to the industrial slag systems were chosen. The Cr2O3 content was fixed at 6 wt% and MgO at 8 wt%. Al2O3 contents in the slag were varied in the range of 3-12 wt%. The basicity (CaO/SiO2) of slag was set to 1.6. Gas/slag equilibrium technique was adopted. The samples were heated to 1873 K and soaked at this temperature for 24 h. The samples were then slow cooled to 1673 K and equilibrated for an additional 24 h. The oxygen partial pressure was kept at 10(-4) Pa. A gas mixture of CO/CO2 was used to control the oxygen partial pressure. After the equilibration, the samples were quenched in water. The chromium distribution and phase compositions in the quenched slags were studied using SEM-WDS and XRD techniques. The results were compared with the phase equilibrium calculations obtained from FACTSAGE software and the samples equilibrated in air. The size of spinel crystals increased drastically after slow cooling followed by annealing compared to samples being quenched after soaking at 1873 K. It was also found that low oxygen partial pressure had a strong impact on chromium partition. The amount of spinel phase increases with increased Al2O3 content.
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| 7. |
- Chychko, Andrei, 1982-
(författare)
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Energy and environmental optimization of some aspects of EAF practice with novel process solutions
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of the present thesis is to optimize the electric arc furnace (EAF) practice from an environmental view point. Two aspects that meet the requirements of the secondary steelmaking industries today, viz. Mo alloying with maximum retainment of the alloying element in molten steel and optimization of foaming by carbonate addition with a view to optimize the energy need of the process. Both these aspects would also have a significant impact on the process economy. Iron molybdate (Fe2MoO4) has been synthesized from commercial grade materials and proposed as a new potential precursor for steel alloying with Mo. The thermal stabilities of different molybdates, viz. Fe2MoO4, CaMoO4 and MgMoO4, were studied using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). It was found that Fe2MoO4 is the most stable one and doesn’t evaporate in Ar atmosphere when heating up to 1573 K. The synthesis of Fe2MoO4 requires high temperature (1373 K) and long holding time (up to 16 hours). In a view of this, the possibilities for in-situ formation of Fe2MoO4 and CaMoO4 from their precursor mixtures were studied with the aid of high-temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) and TGA analysis. Laboratory and industrial trials on steel alloying with Mo were conducted using precursor mixtures as sources of Mo. It was found that the mixture, which contains FeOx, MoO3 and C (Fe2MoO4 precursor), can provide the Mo yield up to 98 % at both the laboratory as well as industrial trials. The Mo yields even in the case of C+MoO3 and C+MoO3+CaO mixtures were around 93 % in these trials. The higher yield for the MoO3+C+FeOx mixture was attributed to the stabilization of Mo in the precursor (marked by the decrease in the Gibbs energy of Mo) and the readiness to dissolve in the steel bath. The heat effect of the slag foaming with carbonates addition was studied at 1623 and 1673 K with the aid of thermal analysis technique with a new crucible design. Experiments were conducted by adding limestone and dolomite pieces of defined shapes (together with iron sinkers) in molten slag and monitoring the temperature changes accompanying the decomposition of carbonates. It was found that the decomposition energies for dolomite and limestone for the studied slag composition are in the range 56-79 % of theoretical values, which is linked to the energy saving effect of slag foaming. No influence of sample shape on decomposition energy was found both for limestone and dolomite. The kinetics of slag foaming by limestone particles was studied at 1773 K with the aid of X-ray imaging system. A model was proposed to describe the decrease in foam height with time on the basis of CaO shell formation during decomposition reaction. The energy impact of limestone and raw dolomite addition was examined in a 100-ton EAF. It was found that, in the case of addition of carbonates after the scrap is completely molten; the endothermic heat effects for limestone and dolomite (2255 and 2264 kJ/kg respectively) were only 70 % from theoretical values. This is indicative of the resistance to heat transfer due to increased foaming.
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| 8. |
- Chychko, Andrei, et al.
(författare)
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ENERGY SAVING EFFECT OF SLAG FOAMING BY CARBONATE ADDITIONS IN EAF PROCESS
- 2010
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Ingår i: ARCH METALL MATER. - : Polish Academy of Sciences Chancellery. - 1733-3490. ; 55:4, s. 1089-1095
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Slag foaming has been studied systematically for more than 50 years. The main reason for such interest is a big number of benefits of slag foaming technology in steelmaking, especially for the process in an electric arc furnaces (EAF). There are 2 types of reactions which can be used for slag foaming. The most famous one is the carbon oxidation by oxygen dissolved in metal. Another type of slag foaming reactions is a decomposition of carbonates or other substances, which can produce gas at high temperature. However, it can be concluded that the slag foaming with carbonates is not usual in steelmaking practice. The purpose of the present work is to study the energy effect of slag foaming caused by carbonates decomposition.
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| 9. |
- Chychko, Andrei, et al.
(författare)
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Fe2MoO4 as a precursor material for Mo alloying in steel : (Part II): Upscaling test
- 2011
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Ingår i: Steel Research International. - : Wiley. - 1611-3683 .- 1869-344X. ; 82:8, s. 886-897
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Mo yield when using three different alloying mixtures (MoO3 +C; MoO3 +C + FeOx; and MoO3+ C + CaO) was tested both in laboratory experiments (16 g and 0.5 kg scale) and industrial trials (3 ton scale). The alloying is based on in-situ formation of compounds of Mo in the mixtures from molybdenite concentrate with industrial grade Fe 2O3. Thermogravimetry (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed to identify the reduction steps and final products of the alloying mixtures. At least two steps of mass change were discovered during the reduction of all tested mixtures by carbon. The Mo yield for MoO3 + C mixture is 93% which was confirmed by both laboratory and industrial experiments. The Mo yield for MoO3 + C + CaO mixture is around 92% during 16 g scale laboratory and 3 ton scale industrial tests. The best results were obtained in the case of the mixture which contained FeOx, MoO3 and C, resulting in the Mo yield up to 98% at all the experiment scale levels. It was found that the combination of both lower evaporation and fast reduction by carbon of the mixture along with further dissolution in steel are necessary to provide high Mo yield during steel alloying. The calculated mass balance of 3 ton trial heats showed that only a small part of initial Mo amount (8-13 ppm) has gone into slag. Copyright
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| 10. |
- Chychko, Andrei, et al.
(författare)
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Foaming in Electric Arc Furnace : Part II: Foaming visualization and Comparison with Plant trials
- 2012
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Ingår i: Metallurgical and materials transactions. B, process metallurgy and materials processing science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1073-5615 .- 1543-1916. ; 43:5, s. 1078-1085
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The kinetics of slag foaming by limestone particles was studied at 1773 K (1500 A degrees C) with the aid of an X-ray imaging system. Two models were implemented to describe the decrease in foam height with the time on the basis of the lowering of the average temperature and CaO shell formation during decomposition reaction. The energy impact of carbonate additions was studied on an industrial scale in a 100-ton electric arc furnace (EAF). It was found that, in the case of the addition of carbonates after the scrap is completely molten, the heat effects for limestone and dolomite (2255 and 2264 kJ/kg, respectively) were only 70 pct from theoretical values. Comparing these values with similar additions during the scrap melting stage shows that the energy requirements in the case of carbonate additions to steel bath are much smaller. It was found from the trial heats with dolomite addition to the steel bath that the partial substitution of lime by raw dolomite can be made without an increase in energy consumption.
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