| 1. |
- Lind, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of weaning cereals with different phytate contents on hemoglobin, iron stores, and serum zinc : a randomized intervention in infants from 6 to 12 mo of age
- 2003
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Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 78:1, s. 168-175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Weaning foods frequently contain phytate, an inhibitor of iron and zinc absorption, which may contribute to the high prevalence of iron and zinc deficiency seen in infancy. Objective: The objective was to investigate whether either an extensive reduction in the phytate content of infant cereals or the use of milk-based, iron-fortified infant formula would improve iron and zinc status in infants. Design: In a double-blind design, infants (n = 300) were randomly assigned to 3 cereal groups from 6 to 12 mo of age: commercial milk-based cereal drink (MCD) and porridge (CC group), phytate-reduced MCD and phytate-reduced porridge (PR group), or milk-based infant formula and porridge with the usual phytate content (IF group). Venous blood samples were collected at 6 and 12 mo. Dietary intake was recorded monthly. After the intervention, 267 infants remained in the analysis. Results: Hemoglobin concentrations of < 110 g/L, serum ferritin concentrations of < 12 µg/L, and serum zinc concentrations of < 10.7 µmol/L had overall prevalences at baseline and 12 mo of 28% and 15%, 9% and 18%, and 22% and 27%, respectively. After the intervention, there were no significant differences in any measure of iron or zinc status between the CC and the PR groups. However, hemoglobin was significantly higher (120 g/L compared with 117 g/L; P = 0.012) and the prevalence of anemia was lower (13% compared with 23%; P = 0.06) in the PR group than in the IF group, which could be explained by differences in daily iron intake between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Extensive reduction in the phytate content of weaning cereals had little long-term effect on the iron and zinc status of Swedish infants.
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| 2. |
- Lind, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of weaning cereals with different phytate contents on hemoglobin, iron stores, and serum zinc: a randomized intervention in infants from 6 to 12 mo of age
- 2003
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - 0002-9165 .- 1938-3207. ; 78:1, s. 168-175
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Weaning foods frequently contain phytate, an inhibitor of iron and zinc absorption, which may contribute to the high prevalence of iron and zinc deficiency seen in infancy. Objective: The objective was to investigate whether either an extensive reduction in the phytate content of infant cereals or the use of milk-based, iron-fortified infant formula would improve iron and zinc status in infants. Design: In a double-blind design, infants (n = 300) were randomly assigned to 3 cereal groups from 6 to 12 mo of age: commercial milk-based cereal drink (MCD) and porridge (CC group), phytate-reduced MCD and phytate-reduced porridge (PR group), or milk-based infant formula and porridge with the usual phytate content (IF group). Venous blood samples were collected at 6 and 12 mo. Dietary intake was recorded monthly. After the intervention, 267 infants remained in the analysis. Results: Hemoglobin concentrations of less than 110 g/L, serum ferritin concentrations of less than 12 mug/L, and serum zinc concentrations of less than 10.7 mumol/L had overall prevalences at baseline and 12 mo of 28% and 15%, 9% and 18%, and 22% and 27%, respectively. After the intervention, there were no significant differences in any measure of iron or zinc status between the CC and the PR groups. However, hemoglobin was significantly higher (120 g/L compared with 117 g/L; P = 0.012) and the prevalence of anemia was lower (13% compared with 23%; P = 0.06) in the PR group than in the IF group, which could be explained by differences in daily iron intake between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Extensive reduction in the phytate content of weaning cereals had little long-term effect on the iron and zinc status of Swedish infants.
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| 3. |
- Lind, Torbjörn, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Study protocol : optimized complementary feeding study (OTIS): a randomized controlled trial of the impact of a protein-reduced complementary diet based on Nordic foods
- 2019
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2458. ; 19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: What we eat as infants and children carries long-term consequences. Apart from breastfeeding, the composition of the complementary diet, i.e. the foods given to the infant during the transition from breast milk/infant formula to regular family foods affects the child's future health. A high intake of protein, a low intake of fruits, vegetables and fish and an unfavorable distribution between polyunsaturated and saturated fats are considered to be associate with health risks, e.g. obesity, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia later in life.Methods: In a randomized, controlled study from 6 to 18months of age we will compare the currently recommended, Swedish complementary diet to one based on Nordic foods, i.e. an increased intake of fruits, berries, vegetables, tubers, whole-grain and game, and a lower intake of sweets, dairy, meat and poultry, with lower protein content (30% decrease), a higher intake of vegetable fats and fish and a systematic introduction of fruits and greens. The main outcomes are body composition (fat and fat-free mass measured with deuterium), metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers (associated with the amount of body fat) in blood and urine, gut microbiota (thought to be the link between early diet, metabolism and diseases such as obesity and insulin resistance) and blood pressure.We will also measure the participants' energy and nutrient intake, eating behavior and temperament through validated questionnaires, acceptance of new and unfamiliar foods through video-taped test meals and assessment of cognitive development, which we believe can be influenced through an increased intake of fish and milk fats, notably milk fat globule membranes (MFGM).Discussion: If the results are what we expect, i.e. improved body composition and a less obesogenic, diabetogenic and inflammatory metabolism and gut microbiota composition, a more sustainable nutrient intake for future health and an increased acceptance of healthy foods, they will have a profound impact on the dietary recommendations to infants in Sweden and elsewhere, their eating habits later in life and subsequently their long-term health.Trial registration: NCT02634749. Registration date 18 December 2015.
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| 4. |
- Tennefors, Catharina, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of body fatness in young children using the skinfold technique and BMI vs body water dilution
- 2004
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 58:3, s. 541-547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To compare body fatness estimated using a skinfold technique and body mass index (BMI) with body fatness estimated using the body water dilution method in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age.Methods: Total body fat (TBF) was calculated from total body water, estimated using the doubly labelled water method, and body weight. When expressed in per cent of body weight, these estimates (%TBF-BWD) represented reference values for body fatness. Body fatness was also calculated from skinfold thickness (%TBF-SFT) and as BMI. The children were ranked and grouped into five groups with an increasing level of body fatness using BMI, %TBF-SFT and %TBF-BWD, respectively.Subjects: A total of 30 infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age.Results: On average, the children (n=59) had a BMI=17.51.6 kg/m2 and contained 27.83.7 %TBF-SFT and 29.14.4 %TBF-BWD. %TBF-BWD minus %TBF-SFT was=1.354.06%. By measuring %TBF-SFT or BMI, about 35% of the children could be classified in the correct group with respect to body fatness. Serious misclassification (ie two or more groups too high or too low) was, however, more common for %TBF-SFT (29%) than for BMI (17%).Conclusions: The capacity of BMI to place children in the correct body fatness group was poor although not quite as poor as the corresponding capacity of the skinfold technique. The latter method produced inaccurate and imprecise estimates of body fatness.
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| 5. |
- Tennefors, Catharina
(författare)
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Total energy expenditure and body composition in healthy Swedish children 9 and 14 months of age
- 2003
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Nutrition during early life is of fundamental importance for optimal health during childhood as well as later in life. The prevalence and the severity of obesity in children and adults are presently increasing at alarming rates world wide, which is of great concern as obesity is associated with increased morbidity. Available systematic information regarding body composition development during childhood is presently very limited and there is a need for accurate methods for determining body fatness in young children. The doubly labelled water (DLW)-method is non-invasive and measures total body water (TB W) and total energy expenditure (TEE) of humans during true free-living conditions. Estimates of TB W can be used to assess body fatness. Previous studies in young children below 3 years of age have shown low values for TEE, indicating that current recommendations for dietary energy intake are too high. However, in most of these studies the children were below 6 months of age, and no Swedish studies cover the age range 7-36 months of age.Subjects & Methods: TEE and TBW were measured by means of the DLW-method in healthy Swedish children at 9 (n=30) or 14 (n=29) months of age. Total body fat (TBF) was calculated from TBW and body weight using the body water dilution (BWD)-method. When expressed in percent of body weight, these estimates (% TBF-BWD) represented reference values for body fatness. Body fatness was also measured using the skin fold thickness technique (% TBF-SFT) and body mass index (BM I). The children were ranked and grouped into five groups with increasing levels of body fatness using %TBF-BWD, %TBF-SFT and BMI, respectively.Results: TEE was 323 ± 38, 322 ± 29, 313 ± 23 and 331 ± 28 kJ/kg/d for 9-month-old girls and boys and 14-month-old girls and boys, respectively. BMI, %TBF-SFT and %TBF-BWD for all children were 17.5 ± 1.6, 27.8 ± 3.7% and 29.1 ± 4.4%, respectively. %TBF-BWD minus %TBF-SFT was = 1.35 ± 4.06% (n=59). By measuring %TBF-SFT or BMI, about 35% of the children could be classified in the correct group with respect to body fatness. Serious misclassification was more common for %TBF-SFT (29%) than for BMI (17%). There was a significant inverse linear relationship between PAL and %TBF-BWD (r = -0.81, P<0.00l, n=59).Conclusions: The requirements for dietary energy of a group of Swedish children, 9 and 14 months of age, were 15-20% lower than indicated by current recommendations. In the group of children studied, BMI as well as the skinfold technique were poor tools for classification of body fatness. The skinfold technique produced inaccurate and imprecise estimates of body fatness. It can be speculated that the relationship between PAL and %TBF-BWD indicates that children with a high percent body fat are more likely to be in a state of positive energy balance, which would favour fat retention, possibly establishing a vicious cycle early in life leading to further accumulation of fat in the body.
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| 6. |
- Tennefors, Catharina, et al.
(författare)
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Total energy expenditure and physical activity level in healthy young Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age
- 2003
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Ingår i: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 57:5, s. 647-653
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To measure total energy expenditure (TEE) and total body water (TBW) in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age. To compare their TEE with current recommendations for energy intake. To define their body composition and relate this to energy expenditure.Design: Children were investigated at 9 or 14 months. The following variables were measured: TEE and TBW (by the doubly labelled water method), weight and length. Total body fat (TBF), sleeping metabolic rate, activity energy expenditure and physical activity level (PAL) were calculated.Subjects: Thirty infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age.Results: TEE was 32338, 32229, 31323 and 33128 kJ/kg/day in 9-month-old girls, 9-month-old boys, 14-month-old girls and 14-month-old boys, respectively. At 9 months of age girls and boys contained 29.64.8 and 29.74.5% TBF, respectively. At 14 months the corresponding figures were 29.14.3 and 28.24.3%. There was a significant negative relationship between PAL and %TBF (r=-0.81, P<0.001, n=59).Conclusions: Measured TEE plus calculated energy cost of growth confirm previous estimates that the physiological energy requirements of children 9 and 14 months of age are 15–20% lower than current recommendations for energy intake. One possible interpretation of the relationship between PAL and %TBF is that children with a high TBF content are less physically active than children with less TBF. However, this relationship needs further studies.
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