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| 2. |
- Bohlin, Erik, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Broadband universal service in Europe: A review of policy consultations 2005-2010
- 2010
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Ingår i: Communications & Strategies. ; 80:4th quarter, s. 21-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recognition of the growing importance of broadband to the public presents challenges for policy-makers in introducing efficient strategies, not only to serve the increasing demand for broadband among people in society but also to increase their economic contribution both in the short run and in the long run. Different measures and strategies have been implemented in many countries and regions in order to encourage broadband deployment. Among them, the inclusion of broadband in the scope of universal service has been discussed.In the European Union, the discussion on broadening the scope of the Universal Service Directive (USD) to include broadband has been raised since the first periodical review in 2005. At that time, the European Commission concluded that only a small, although rapidly growing, minority of European consumers currently make use of broadband services. Therefore, the conditions for including broadband services within the scope of universal service as set out in the USD were not fulfilled. Later, the European Commission launched the second periodical review of universal service in 2008 with the preliminary conclusion that broadband has not yet reached the majority of people, implying that the conditions of the USD for expanding the scope of universal service were not yet fulfilled. However, the public consultation on broadening the scope of the USD to include broadband has been opened since March 2010 and was last on May 7, 2010. In the meantime, the public workshop organized in the context of the public consultation on universal service principles in e-communications was held on March 30, 2010. The workshop provided wide-ranging views on the topic, including an assessment of the cost of broadband availability and also the rapid change of broadband penetration rate throughout Europe.Against this background, this paper provides an analytical survey of the current state and trends of universal service with focus on broadband access in the European Union. First it presents an overview of broadband deployment and regulation in Europe. Then, it analyzes the USD reviews by taking into account the previous and the recent review, in particular by comparing the discourse evolution of the public submissions from stakeholders in the two consultations. A framework to evaluate broadband universal service will be provided. In conclusion, the paper will identify selected issues regarding broadband universal service in Europe, especially the pros and cons of broadband universal service
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| 3. |
- Srinuan, Chalita, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Broadband Access in Thailand: Drivers and Barriers
- 2011
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Ingår i: Proceeding of the 10th international conference on Mobile Business (ICMB 2011), 20-21 June 2011, Italy.. - 9780769544342 ; , s. 297-306
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Broadband access is growing around the world including in developing countries like Thailand. This study attempts to provide guidance to the National Regulatory Agency (NRA) by addressing the following question: What are the key determinant factors to explain the probability that an individual consumer access and use broadband? The bivariate probit model is employed to examine empirically whether the accessibility to fixed telephony infrastructure, socio-economic variables and area of residence have a systematic link to broadband access or not in the first stage and then specific Internet usage given individual broadband access is estimated. The data from a national survey in 2010 by the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) of Thailand are used for the analysis. Based on the findings, the variables with potential impact are fixed infrastructure, income, gender, level of education age of consumer and residential area. The impact of these factors varies across broadband services (i.e video download, social network, searching and E-mail). The results of this paper are compatible with prior literature, although there are important differences: the infrastructure of fixed telephony is considered an important factor in stimulating broadband usage, A policy recommendation that could encourage competition and growth in broadband usage is the development of a fixed infrastructure and allowing more competition at infrastructure and service level in the early stage. A further investigation should analyse more on the application adoption and trust.
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| 4. |
- Teppayayon, Orada, 1972
(författare)
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A comprehensive framework for future broadband policy: Assessing the EU initiative
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For more than two decades, broadband has been recognized in the EU as having great benefits for economic and social development. This recognition is evident in the first EU policy document on the telecommunications market – the 1987 Green Paper – which assumed that harmonization and liberalization through competition mechanisms could be used as tools to bring all those benefits to European citizens. Although the policy emphasized competition mechanisms in the years that followed, many additional instruments were developed and implemented in order to make broadband available to all European citizens. Some of the instruments can be seen in the form of directives, and some in the many policy strategies. All of them make a considerable contribution to the growth of broadband deployment in the EU. However, the importance of broadband infrastructures is furthermore elevated in the context of an emerging information society representing a fundamental transformation of social and economic structures resulting from innovation in information and communication technologies. With globalization, the policy impetus for broadband has shifted towards a means to increase the competitiveness of a nation or region. In addition, concerns of sustainability have emerged as a central issue for the long-run development of modern societies, and questions have been raised about the role of broadband in this context. This changing emphasis, due to globalization, competitiveness, and sustainability, impacts the design of policy instruments. A question can be raised as to which instruments can serve a new concept for future broadband policy. This thesis aims to propose a conceptual framework for broadband policy that takes into account both traditional and new aspects of telecommunications sector in an information society by observing the empirical world, and analyzing literature and empirical studies. Particularly, this thesis presents an evolutionary concept for broadband policy in the EU by providing a model for integrating the related broadband policy instruments. A timeline of all the instruments and initiatives that are being implemented is explored. This evolution is analyzed to see what kind of future model is applicable to an information society when broadband policy is based on a perspective of globalization, regional competitiveness, and sustainability. The analysis addresses how well the existing instruments are applicable to a new concept of broadband policy and what the needs are for a new policy framework.
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| 5. |
- Teppayayon, Orada, 1972
(författare)
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Assessing broadband policy: Towards a conceptual model
- 2010
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The recognition of the growing importance of broadband to the public presentschallenges for policy-makers in introducing efficient strategies, not only to serve theincreasing demand for broadband among people in society but also to increase theireconomic level both in the short run and in the long run. Different measures and strategieshave been implemented in many countries in order to encourage broadband deployment. Atthe same time, broadband has been introduced as an effective tool in driving society to amore advanced economy.The recognition of the importance of broadband leads to broadband policydevelopment. The differences in circumstances or background of different countries lead tovariation in broadband policy implementations. This study explores broadband policyimplemented in different countries to find out what conceptual ideas can be drawn, and alsoto formulate a model to assess broadband policy as a means for the future development of acountry.From the study, it has been found that there are two aspects of broadband policy,which are sector agenda and strategic agenda. The sector agenda consists of strategies ormeasures implemented by a country with the primary objective of increasing broadbandgrowth in a country through a three-dimensional framework. Meanwhile, the strategicagenda comprises strategies of using broadband for some specific national agenda consistingof the global market, country competitiveness and sustainable development. However, italso suggests that the integration of those two aspects into national policy for long-termdevelopment depends on many criteria, in particular the co-dependence of related actors.Therefore, broadband policy is no longer an issue set by the responsible governmentagencies.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Teppayayon, Orada, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Broadband policy for the future: Building upon conceptual framework
- 2010
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Ingår i: Paper presented at the Workshop on the Broadband Act of 2011: Designing a Communication Act for the 21th Century, 28-30 September, 2010, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nowadays, broadband has been gained much attention from both national and international as aneffective tool in driving society to a more advanced economy. Different policies and initiatives havebeen implemented in different countries while trying to reach the same goal which is to increasebroadband growth in a country. Increasing broadband growth in a country results in the growing ofopportunity for people to participate or enjoy benefits which has been brought by this networksociety.The European Union (EU), for example, has initiated several mechanisms or policies for more thanten years with an aim to ensure that the EU fully benefits for generations to come from the changesthat the information society is bringing. At the about the same period of time, the development ofbroadband policy has also been initiated in Japan. Even though the development in these twojurisdictions results in the high broadband deployment these days, the difference can be seen interms of perspective for the future development. The EU has achieved broadband growth whichbased on DSL technologies while Japan has achieved growth of fiber networks. It cannot be deniedthat applications development and more users in information society require more and more of highnetwork capacity which can be pursued efficiently through fiber networks. In this sense, broadbandpolicy which has been developed in both jurisdictions for more than ten years cannot only be takenas a tool to increase broadband deployment in a country, but it should also be taken as a strategy forfuture development of a country.From this perspective, the paper presents a conceptual framework of broadband policy where boththeoretical concepts and case studies on the EU and Japan will be addressed in order to support theidea. The theoretical concepts mentioned in the paper will be focused more on the institutionalenvironment, to explain the dynamic of social and economic development in a holistic fashion.Building upon theoretical concept and case studies, the paper presents broadband policy from twoaspects, which are the sector agenda and the strategic agenda. The sector agenda consists ofstrategies or measures implemented by a country with the primary objective of increasingbroadband growth in a country. Meanwhile, the strategic agenda comprises strategies of usingbroadband for some specific national agenda consisting of the global market, countrycompetitiveness and sustainable development. Toward the end, the paper suggests that theintegration of those two aspects into national policy for long-term development depends on manycriteria, in particular the co-dependence of related actors. Therefore, broadband policy is no longeran issue set by a single government entity but requires integration between several ministries andagencies, a complex and multi-faceted integration which will be explored in this paper.
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| 8. |
- Teppayayon, Orada, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Broadband policy from the back mirror: What can we learn from European experience?
- 2010
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Ingår i: Conference Proceeding, the 18th Biennial of the ITS, June 27-30, 2010, Japan.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The historical path of broadband development is interesting to analyze in order to assess how the previous policies were interrelated, whether they were consistent, and whether an integrated framework can be formulated. This is of special interest to understand today, as the ICT policy agenda is being discussed around the world, for example the US, Japan, Sweden etc., in order to formulate future strategies. A case in point is the European Commission (EU) which has started a process to formulate a new set of ICT policy goals for 2015, replacing the previous i-2010 policy agenda.In the EU, the European Commission has considered wide broadband coverage in Europe as crucial for fostering growth and jobs in Europe. Since the 1980s, telecommunications networks and services in the European Community have been reformed by a number of factors. As the first major initiative in telecommunications made by the European Commission, the 1987 Green Paper on the development of the common market for telecommunications services and equipment was issued. In the context of this paper, it is interesting to note that a broadband vision was stated even in the 1987 Green Paper, before broadband started to be adopted. Although the primary objective of the Green Paper was not to discuss broadband development policy, it was accepted at that time on the EU level that broadband infrastructure was essential for future economic and social development.Nowadays, 20 years later, many policies relating to broadband development have been initiated and discussed in the EU. Those policies and initiatives can be categorized into three major approaches.The first approach is a broad policy framework which set the scene and recognized that broadband is strategically important to EU development. Within the first approach, e-Europe 2005 and i2010 are the major policies. The eEurope 2005 policy was started in the year 2002 and aimed at the development and use of advanced services running on a secure broadband infrastructure. It set widespread availability and use of broadband as one main objective to be attained by the end of2005. To reach that objective, the European Commission formulated policies to encourageinvestment in broadband infrastructure, applications and services. Later, a strategic framework,i2010 – A European Initiative for Growth, has been implemented since 2005 to build towards anintegrated approach to information society and audiovisual media policies in the EU. An importantdevelopment of this framework was the emphasis on broadband as a driver of inclusion and qualityof life. Thereby the new policy built towards the three priorities for Europe’s information society,which were the completion of a Single European Information Space, strengthening innovation andinvestment in ICT research, and achieving an inclusive European information society.The second approach is that of telecommunications regulatory policies. Within thisapproach, several telecommunications regulatory frameworks have been issued or proposed with anaim to encourage broadband competition in the market − such as local loop unbundling, open accessregulation, bit-stream access and functional separation. Recently, the draft recommendation for theregulation of next-generation access networks (NGA) has been proposed to promote broadband andto improve consistency of regulatory frameworks throughout the EU.The third approach concerns non-regulatory government policies. It does not involve broadpolicy as the first approach does; rather it deals with encouraging broadband infrastructuredevelopment through different incentives from government such as state-aid rules. It is interestingto note that this approach of state-aid rules can be considered as a step back to an old-style policy oftelecommunications whereby government ownership has been the main vehicle to pursueinfrastructure goals. When broadband has been targeted, the policy seems to step back to a preliberalizationmode, despite the fact that the telecommunications market has been propelled bycompetition for a number of years.The crucial points are that each approach is based on different objectives and strategies butall of the approaches consider broadband as a major tool to achieve their respective agendas.Nonetheless, the interrelationship among those approaches has not been investigated and theempirical evidence with regard to the interaction of other forms of public policy and regulation isrelatively limited.Against this background, the proposed paper will be structured as follows. First, it willpresent a brief market overview of broadband penetration from several data sources. Next, ahistorical overview of broadband policies and initiatives of the three approaches in the EuropeanUnion will be given, with particular attention to early initiatives. The paper will also analyze the prospect of broadband in various approaches in an integrated structure. Moreover, the paper will discuss whether or not the three different approaches were consistent in terms of encouraging broadband deployment, and whether or not the three policy approaches can achieve high broadband development in the EU. In addition, the paper will address whether or not future broadband policy should be formulated in a more holistic fashion.
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| 9. |
- Teppayayon, Orada, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Broadband Universal Service: A Future Path for Europe?
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Networks and Economics. - 1754-2316. ; 1:3, s. 275-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides an overview of the current state and trends of universal service with focus on broadband access in the European Union. First it presents a brief market overview of broadband, and briefly defines the USO concept. Next an historical overview is given of the universal service concept in the European legislation, with particular attention to early initiatives and discussions related to the implementation of a possible B-USO. The paper emphasizes that the current discussion on a future B-USO has long-standing antecedents, going back to the 1987 Green Paper. It also analyzes the previous USO review, carried out in 2005-2006, and summarizes views from stakeholder and member states. The prospect of a B-USO must however be seen in the context of other initiatives and emphasis on broadband as a means to achieve a more dynamic European economy, and therefore various policy initiatives related to broadband are summarized. The paper will also offer some issues to consider for a broadband USO, from a general standpoint. As a conclusion, the paper will identify selected issues in implementing such a regulation.
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| 10. |
- Teppayayon, Orada, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Broadband Universal Service: A Future Path for Europe?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Conference proceeding: the conference on The Public/Private interplay in Next Generation Communications, 10-12 December, 2008, Sevilla, Spain..
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phenomenon of broadband penetration growth which could be observed over time has increased year by year. Today, broadband is increasingly becoming an issue for universal service in advanced economies. Switzerland has been the first country to include broadband connections as part of the universal service obligation, since 1 January, 2008, although at modest speeds, and with some exceptions. In the United States, the Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service has urged the FCC to consider including broadband as part of universal service. In Europe, , the recent EC communication on universal service specifically suggests for the European Union to analyse and discuss broadband as part of the future universal service obligation. In many OECD countries there have also been targeted broadband support programmes for rural and disadvantaged areas for a number of years. The list could be made quite long, and includes countries such as Australia, New Zealand, Korea, Turkey, Czech Republic, Sweden, Norway, Ireland, Scotland, Spain, the United States, and many more. These programmes have typically involved support for construction of broadband infrastructure, either as direct state aid or as partial contributions from applicable universal service funds. The growing number of targeted broadband support programs raises the question if and when it will be possible to expand broadband into a universal service obligation (USO). Against this back-drop, this paper will provide an overview of current state and trends of universal service with focus on broadband access in European Union. First the paper will provide a brief market overview of broadband, and also briefly define the USO concept. The paper will then provide an historical overview of the universal service concept in the European legislation, with particular attention to early initiatives and discussions related to the implementation of a possible B-USO. The paper will emphasize that the current discussion on a future B-USO has long standing antecedents, running back to the 1987 Green Paper. The paper will moreover analyze the previous USO review, carried out in 2005-2006, and summarize views from stakeholder and Member States. The prospect of a B-USO must however be seen in the context of other initiatives and emphasis on broadband as a means to achieve a more dynamic European economy, and therefore various policy initiatives related to broadband are summarized. The paper will also offer some issues to consider for a broadband USO, from a general standpoint. As a conclusion, the paper will identify selected issues in implementing such a regulation.
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