| 1. |
- Dunn, R. J. H., et al.
(författare)
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GLOBAL CLIMATE : State of the Climate in 2020
- 2021
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Ingår i: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. - : American Meteorological Society. - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 102:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
- Crispo, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in response to anthropogenic disturbance
- 2010
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Ingår i: Evolutionary Ecology Research. - Tucson, AZ, USA : Evolutionary Ecology Ltd. - 1522-0613 .- 1937-3791. ; 12:1, s. 47-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Questions: Do evolutionary changes in phenotypic plasticity occur after anthropogenic disturbance? Do these changes tend to be increases or decreases in plasticity? How do these evolutionary patterns differ among taxa and trait types? Does evolution of plasticity change with time since the disturbance?Data incorporated: Evolutionary rates for plasticity estimated from 20 studies that have compared a plastic response in two or more populations, at least one of which had experienced an anthropogenic disturbance in nature and at least one of which had not.Method of analysis: We estimate evolutionary rates (darwins and haldanes) for plasticity for each study, which represent the amount of evolutionary change in plasticity. We then perform analyses of covariance, with the evolutionary rate numerator (amount of evolutionary change) as a response variable, taxa and trait type as predictor variables, and the amount of evolutionary time as a covariate.Conclusions:We find that plasticity has evolved in several cases, including both increases and decreases in the levels of plasticity following anthropogenic disturbances. The typical direction of this evolutionary response depends on an interaction between taxon and trait type. For instance, invertebrates sometimes show the evolution of increased plasticity for life-history traits, but the evolution of decreased plasticity for morphological traits. Plants, on the other hand, show no trends in the direction of plasticity evolution.
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| 3. |
- Reardon, Erin E., et al.
(författare)
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Optimal offspring size influenced by the interaction between dissolved oxygen and predation pressure
- 2010
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Ingår i: Evolutionary Ecology Research. - 1522-0613 .- 1937-3791. ; 12:3, s. 377-387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Question: How does optimal size at the beginning of the juvenile stage vary with dissolved oxygen and aquatic predator pressure?Mathematical methods: An implicit model based on earlier offspring size and number optimality models, using empirical observations to motivate and interpret the results.Key assumptions: A stable, density-independent system with high parental care that maximizes maternal fitness, with respect to offspring size and number.Predictions: The model predicts a positive relationship between juvenile size and aquatic dissolved oxygen, with respect to maternal fitness and predation pressure. This prediction is based on observations in the literature that smaller fish are less sensitive to low dissolved oxygen and may use low dissolved oxygen habitats as predator refuges.
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| 4. |
- Zemp, M., et al.
(författare)
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Reanalysing glacier mass balance measurement series
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Cryosphere. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1994-0416 .- 1994-0424. ; 7:4, s. 1227-1245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glacier-wide mass balance has been measured for more than sixty years and is widely used as an indicator of climate change and to assess the glacier contribution to runoff and sea level rise. Until recently, comprehensive uncertainty assessments have rarely been carried out and mass balance data have often been applied using rough error estimation or without consideration of errors. In this study, we propose a framework for reanalysing glacier mass balance series that includes conceptual and statistical toolsets for assessment of random and systematic errors, as well as for validation and calibration (if necessary) of the glaciological with the geodetic balance results. We demonstrate the usefulness and limitations of the proposed scheme, drawing on an analysis that comprises over 50 recording periods for a dozen glaciers, and we make recommendations to investigators and users of glacier mass balance data. Reanalysing glacier mass balance series needs to become a standard procedure for every monitoring programme to improve data quality, including reliable uncertainty estimates.
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