| 1. |
- Bennesved, Peter, 1986-
(författare)
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Sheltered Society : Civilian Air raid shelters in Sweden — from idea to materiality, 1918-1940 and beyond
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2002, Sweden finally stopped producing air raid shelters for its population after over sixty years of continuous production since 1938. Judging from the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, MSB, the Swedish Air raid shelter registry contain about 65,000 air raid shelters registered as being in use. This figure reflect a huge security infrastructure which, today, is said to provide shelter for around 70% of the Swedish population. By studying the interwar period and the origins of civil defence in Swedish history, this dissertation sets out to explain the origins of the Swedish air raid shelter and provide an explanation of how Sweden eventually became a “Sheltered Society”.In order to achieve this, this dissertation will study the interwar period up until the first year of the Second World War, 1918 to 1940, which can be said to be the formative years for aerial protection politics and air raid shelters. As a theoretical inspiration, the dissertation uses LTS theory, intertwined with a Multi-Level Perspective on technological transitions. Through the close reading of reports and articles, newspapers and archival materials, written by fortification officers, engineers, architects, politicians and journalists during these years, the study shows how the originally military bunkers and air raid shelters were conceptually transferred to civilian use during the interwar years by authors concerned about the technological and strategic developments in aerial warfare.This process was enabled by a careful navigation between militaristic notions of aerial protection and the politically neutral civilian use of air raid shelters. Key factors for the successful implementation was framing the shelters as a simple technical matter through the concept of “Construction-Technical Aerial Protection”, as well as removing all military involvement in building and organizing them, making them seem “civilian” rather than military. This eventually led to the ratification of the Air raid shelter statute of 1940, which could be said to be the origin of the Swedish air raid shelter system. While politicians, engineers and fortification officers launched this image of the air raid shelter, the contemporary press discourse also provided a means of interpreting the10newly introduced shelters as being culturally compatible with Swedish urban modernity, thus making the radical urban change appear less frightening and a natural part of the development of the burgeoning Swedish welfare state.
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| 2. |
- Kong, Xueying, 1993-
(författare)
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Porous Materials and Their Cellulose-Based Composites : Synthesis, Nanoengineering, and Applications
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Porous materials, such as porous carbons (PCs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), show considerable potential across various fields because of their rich microporous and mesoporous structures and large surface areas, yet they grapple with challenges like environmentally unfriendly fabrication methods and poor processability. In this thesis, we investigated environmentally friendly fabrication methods for porous materials, nanoengineering techniques for processing these materials, and their potential applications.Cladophora cellulose (CC), a naturally abundant biopolymer, was used to prepare PC via a one-step physical carbonization/activation method without using any corrosive activation agents. The obtained CC-derived PC (CPC) showed a high specific surface area (507.2 m2 g−1) and rich microporous structure. Additionally, we introduced a simple and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing imine-linked COFs at room temperature using water as the solvent. The method involves a key step in which aldehyde monomers are pre-activated by acetic acid, which promotes the aldehyde monomers to dissolve in water, enhancing their reactivity with amine monomers, and ensuring the formation of crystalline COFs. Consequently, we synthesized 16 distinct imine-linked COFs with high crystallinity and specific surface areas. Furthermore, this thesis focusses on improving the poor processability of these materials caused by the infusible and insoluble nature of their powders. The poor processability of these porous materials makes them difficult to process into desired structures and shapes. Here, we introduce two nanoengineering methods: i) Interweaving porous materials with CC nanofibers (CNFs) to form CNF-porous material aqueous solutions; and ii) Interfacial synthesis of porous materials on the surface of carboxylated CNFs to form CNF@porous materials with nanofiber structures in aqueous solutions. The obtained composite suspensions can be fabricated into freestanding and flexible composite nanopapers via a vacuum filtration and drying process. In addition, they can be processed into freestanding aerogels through a freeze-drying process. Consequently, we have successfully prepared freestanding and flexible CC-CPC nanopapers and CC-CPC aerogels, c-CNT@COF/CNT/CNF nanopapers (c-CNT: carboxylated carbon nanotube), CNF@MOF nanopapers, and CNF@COF nanopapers and demonstrated their potential in various applications, from efficient CO2 capture and organic pollutant removal to advanced energy storage and solar vapor generation. In summary, we used environmentally friendly methods to synthesize PC and imine-linked COFs, circumventing the need for corrosive chemical agents and toxic organic solvents, respectively. Furthermore, by combining CNFs with porous materials, we successfully created freestanding and flexible nanopapers and aerogels, thereby addressing the issue of poor processability associated with porous materials.
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| 3. |
- Monwell, Bodil
(författare)
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En dyster parentes – opiatregeln i svensk LARO-behandling 2010–2016
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Opioids are well documented to arouse euphoria, relieve pain, and to have a high dependency potential. Opioid dependence is a serious chronic condition with a high risk of extensive worsened health, relapse and premature death.Opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) is well researched and has strong scientific support. In Sweden, OMT over time was subjected to polarised and infected political debate and has been strictly regulated by the National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW). During 2010–2016 NBHW redefined the diagnostic concept of “opiate dependence” in the regulation SOSFS 2009:27. Dependence to only three opioids: heroin, opium or morphine, could give eligibility to OMT (here called the “opiate rule”). The purpose stated was to prevent those dependent to other opioides, e.g. buprenorphine,from receiving OMT. Applicants with severe opioid dependence were thereby divided into two subgroups: those with “opiate” dependence related to heroin, morphine or opium, and those with opioid dependence who lacked documentation in relation to the three opiates. The question is whether there were differences between these groups concerning problem severity or substance-related diagnostics that could justify differences in access to OMT?A population (n = 127) actualised for OMT during 2005-2011 in Jönköping County is studied regarding severity of problems, diagnostics and trajectories in and out of treatment. In order to provide precise drug use data, a cognitive tool for taking anamnestic information, called the Drug List, was developed.In Study I, using the Addiction Severity Index, the two groups were found to be quite similar in severity of health problems, social situation and drug problems, including overdoses and injections.In Study II, the Drug List was found to be superior to a traditional way of taking anamnestic data, more sensitive and giving more precise data, without taking more time. Validity was shown in relation to faked drugs.In Study III, using a structured diagnostic interview, ADDIS, with the Drug List, showed that both two groups qualified for severe opioid dependence, that opiates and other opioids had contributed equally to the development of opioid dependency, and that the two groups also had similar additional substance dependence problems.Study IV investigated how “the opiate rule” affected practice by interviewing representatives of OMT clinics as well as a representative of a users’ association. The regulation created dilemmas for clinics as well as for users. Users developed a strategy of getting "negative merits" for being eligible to OMT. Clinicians developed strategies to find ways “around” the regulation in order to admit patients in OMT.Study V followed those who had applied for OMT and found four trajectory subgroups – those denied OMT, those discharged, those readmitted, and those who remained in treatment. The study provides evidence for a more positive development being related to more involvment in OMT concerning health, social situation as well as substance use problems. Being denied or discharged is related to increased risks of a negative development.The thesis conclude that there was no support for dividing applicants according to “the opiate rule”. The purpose of top-down control using regulations, is to guarantee uniform and knowledge-based care. In this case the regulation had negative effects in these respects, increasing risks for the applicants, and lost credibility from the profession. The opiate rule in SOSFS 2009:27 is therefore a dismal parenthesis in the history of OMT in Sweden, and could be studied to prevent similar mistakes in the future.
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| 4. |
- Rennes, Evelina, 1990-
(författare)
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Automatic Adaptation of Swedish Text for Increased Inclusion
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Imagine what life would be if words did not make any sense to you. If you had to use a dictionary, or Google Translate, to check the meaning of each word. If you forgot the first part of the sentence when you got to the last word. Working would be hard, studying perhaps even more difficult. Reading is a skill essential for participation in many parts of the modern society, but there are many individuals incapable of assimilating text. This could be for various reasons, for instance due to dyslexia, cognitive disabilities, or as a consequence of having a different first language. In order to automate the adaptation process, more knowledge about the properties of Easy Language texts is needed. There are several collections of guidelines aimed at writers of Easy Language texts. Such guidelines are useful for getting an idea of what Easy Language should be, but they are often rather vague and rely on the expert knowledge and intuition of the writer. By analysing texts produced by writers of Easy Language, it is possible to operationalise the guidelines and obtain data for building models for automatic text adaptation. However, this approach requires large corpora of high quality, and the results are highly dependent on the training data.This doctoral thesis adopts an end-user approach to automatic text adaptation. The application of a reading comprehension perspective on Easy Language text adaptation differs from the text-based perspectives commonly used within the field and this position implies that the strengths and weaknesses of individuals in the different groups of poor readers are important to consider. We present and evaluate a variety of techniques for automatic text adaptation, as well as work on text complexity visualisation. Assessment of text complexity can be useful for both readers and writers of Easy Language texts. However, common complexity features are not easily interpretable, and this thesis presents work on enhancing interpretability of such features, using clustering and visualisation methods. The main contributions of this thesis are 1) a mapping of Easy Language guidelines to a theoretical model of reading comprehension, 2) a corpus of simple and standard documents, aligned at the sentence level, 3) clustering and visualisation of text complexity measures, and 4) a number of tools and services for the automatic adaptation of Swedish text.
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| 5. |
- Svensson, Leif, 1981-
(författare)
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A Theology for the Bildungsbürgertum : Ritschl in Context
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The subject of this historical-theological investigation is the German Lutheran theologian Albrecht Ritschl (1822-1889). Ritschl’s theology is understood in the context of the de-Christianization of the German Bildungsbürgertum (educated middle class). It is demonstrated that an ambition to counteract this tendency runs all through Ritschl’s theological thinking. More specifically, the study argues that Ritschl’s theology can be seen as a response to three intellectual challenges to Christianity in general and Lutheranism in particular – historical criticism, materialism, and anti-Lutheran polemics.Part I concentrates on historical criticism and Ritschl’s interpretation of history. Chapter 1, which presents Leopold von Ranke’s historicist-oriented historical school at the University of Berlin and Ferdinand Christian Baur’s theological Tübingen school, provides the wider setting of Ritschl’s historical analysis. It is argued, in chapter 2, that those schools had a significant impact – albeit in different ways – on Ritschl’s understanding of history. The contribution of Ritschl to the so-called first quest for the historical Jesus is analyzed in chapter 3, which also points out that Johannes Weiss’ and Albert Schweitzer’s apocalyptic critique of the first quest undermined the historical foundation of Ritschl’s theology.In part II, the focus is on materialism and the metaphysical framework of Ritschl’s theology. Chapter 4 discusses anthropological materialism, scientific materialism, and late idealism – three intellectual movements of relevance to Ritschl’s metaphysics. In chapter 5, Ritschl’s metaphysical framework is described as an attempt to safeguard the spiritual dimension of existence against the threat of materialism. This chapter also argues that Ritschl’s metaphysics is indebted to Hermann Lotze’s late idealist philosophy. Chapter 6 highlights the relationship between Ritschl’s metaphysics and his protest against “classical metaphysical theology,” and examines how Ritschl’s metaphysical framework leads him to reject natural theology and the classical Christological and trinitarian dogmas.Part III discusses Ritschl’s theological ethics or understanding of Christian life in the context of the values of the Bildungsbürgertum and against the background of anti-Lutheran polemics. In chapter 7, an overview of the ethos of the educated middle class is provided. The subject of chapter 8 is Ritschl’s defense of Luther’s cultural importance against Paul de Lagarde’s criticism of the Lutheran Reformation. Chapter 9 carries out an analysis of Ritschl’s thinking on Christian life and its modern sources, especially noting the influences of Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Schleiermacher, and exploring the similarities between Ritschl’s ethics and the values of the educated middle class.In the Conclusion, the findings of the investigation are summarized in the claim that Ritschl’s responses to historical criticism, materialism, and anti-Lutheran polemics demonstrate that his theology in many respects was a theology for the Bildungsbürgertum. The concluding chapter also reflects on the implications of the present study for the common characterization of Ritschl as a Kulturprotestant (mediator between the Protestant Reformation and modern culture), problematizes Ritschl’s interpretation of the historical Jesus, and argues that Ritschl’s theological project was essentially abandoned by his most famous students.
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| 6. |
- Wahlberg, Emma, 1981-
(författare)
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Molecules and morphology in Empidoidea (Diptera) : Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomical implications
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The classification and evolutionary history of the superfamily Empidoidea (Diptera) have been far from straightforward subjects. Morphology based phylogenies of the superfamily have been unable to answer many questions raised by both systematists and biogeographers, as well as ecologists and ethologists, partly due to morphological modifications and adaptations difficult to interpret. In paper I a phylogeny is presented which was the first published that was based on molecular data with multiple loci and with high support. We sampled several groups never included in molecular analyses before and were able to resolve several relationships and recover several species groups that were previously unplaced. Atelestidae is confirmed as the sister group to remaining families. Hybotidae is sister group to Dolichopodidae, Ragadidae stat. n. and Empididae. Species included in the family Brachystomatidae are found to be nested within Empididae and Brachystomatidae is therefore lowered to subfamily. The erection of Ragadidae to family, sister to Empididae, is based on genetic distances between the present families and subfamilies. Paper II deals with the genus Wiedemannia (Empididae: Clinocerinae), also using molecular data but also put into a spatial and temporal context with molecular dating. The subgenera are found to be non-monophyletic and are therefore suggested to be rejected as accepted names. The dated tree, based on molecular data and known fossil records, suggests an initial diversification 50 million years ago followed by further diversification events that may be linked to changes in sea levels on a global scale. We also provide a Species Distribution Model map suggesting areas of potential hot spots as based on climatic variables. Following the results in paper I, the internal relationships of Ragadidae are revised in paper III. The lack of DNA data, partly caused by few available specimens and the rarity of some species, motivated a morphological approach together with a maximum parsimony analysis to investigate the monophyly of species groups and genera. The flower feeding genera Iteaphila and Anthepiscopus are found to form a distinct monophyletic clade together with Hormopeza. The internal relationships are revised, updated diagnostic characters are provided as well as a determination key to the genera. In paper IV we deal with the taxonomical issue of Chvalaea sopianae and C. rugosiventris, two species in the family Hybotidae. Both species were originally described from single female specimens. However, the sex of C. rugosiventris was mistaken in the original description, and the differential characters of the two species are based on sexual dimorphism. The two species are synonymized and the male of C. rugosiventris redescribed. We also provide additional geographic data on the hybotid species Allanthalia pallida and Leptodromiella crassiseta. The final paper, paper V, presents records of new species to Sweden and new records within Sweden of a large number of species of Hybotidae, Empididae and Ragadidae. We also provide a substantial addition of genetic barcodes of the Swedish fauna, shared publicly in The Barcode of Life Database. This increases the coverage of Swedish taxa in the database with 71% for Empididae and 13% for Hybotidae.
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| 7. |
- Hovmöller, Rasmus, 1975-
(författare)
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Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomic issues in dragonfly systematics (Insecta: Odonata)
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dragonflies (Odonata) are one of the ancestral groups of extant insects. They represent one of the three most basal branches in the phylogeny of winged insects. The other two groups are the Ephemeroptera, mayflies, and Neoptera, the latter which covers the remaining winged insects. The first paper is about the phylogenetic position of Odonata in relation to the other basal insect clades using 18S and 28S rDNA sequences. It was demonstrated that there are under certain parameters a strong statistical support for a sister-group relationship between Odonata and Neoptera forming the group Palaeoptera. The second paper is about the phylogeny of the Holarctic dragonfly Leucorrhinia. Dragonfly larvae are frequently equipped with spines on the abdomen, with great variation in spinyness between species. From an analysis of sequences of ITS and 5.8S rDNA it was found that spines have been lost at least twice in Leucorrhinia, in the European L. rubicunda and again in a clade of North American species. The third paper is on the subfamily Ischnurinae (Odonata: Coenagrionidae), a group dominated by the two larger genera Ischnura and Enallagma along with several mono- or oligotypic genera. From the presented molecular study, using mitochondrial 16S rDNA and COII sequences, it is demonstrated that Ischnurinae, and Ischnura are monophyletic. Enallagma is not monophyletic, and the genus name Enallagma should be restricted to the E. cyathigerum clade. he fourth paper is a catalog of the genus Coenagrion, with full information on synonymy, type material and bibliographical data. The fifth paper is an appeal to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to suppress the genus group name Agrion. The letter of appeal elucidates the priority of Agrion, and demonstrates why it has fallen out of use. A case if made for why Agrion should be placed on the list of unavailable names, and Calopteryx given full validity.
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| 8. |
- Irewall, Anna-Lotta, 1987-
(författare)
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Recurrent events and secondary prevention after acute cerebrovascular disease
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background Patients who experience a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) are at high risk of recurrent stroke, but little is known about temporal trends in unselected populations. Reports of low adherence to recommended treatments indicate a need for enhanced secondary preventive follow-up to achieve the full potential of evidence-based treatments. In addition, socioeconomic factors have been associated with poor health outcomes in a variety of contexts. Therefore, it is important to assess the implementation and results of secondary prevention in different socioeconomic groups.Aims The aims of this thesis were to assess temporal trends in ischemic stroke recurrence and evaluate the implementation and results of a nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up program to improve blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels after stroke/TIA.Methods In study I, we collected baseline data for unique patients with an ischemic stroke event between 1998 and 2009 (n=196 765) from the Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke). Recurrent ischemic stroke events within 1 year were collected from the Swedish National Inpatient Register (IPR) and the cumulative incidence was compared between four time periods using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the logrank test. Implementation (study II) and 1-year results (study III-IV) for the secondary preventive follow-up were studied in the NAILED (Nurse-based Age-independent Intervention to Limit Evolution of Disease) study. Between 1 Jan 2010 and 31 Dec 2013, the baseline characteristics of consecutive patients admitted to Östersund Hospital for acute stroke or TIA were collected prospectively (n=1776). Consenting patients in a condition permitting telephone-based follow-up were randomized to nurse-led, telephone-based follow-up or follow-up according to usual care. Follow-up was cunducted at 1 and 12 months after discharge and the intervention included BP and LDL-C measurements, titration of medication, and lifestyle counseling. In study II, we analyzed factors associated with non-participation in the randomized phase of the NAILED study, including association with education level. In addition, we compared the 1-year prognosis in terms of cumulative survival between participants and non-participants. In study III, we compared differences in BP and LDL-C levels between the intervention and control groups during the first year of follow-up and, in study IV, in relation to level of education (low, ≤10 years; high, >10 years).Results The cumulative 1-year incidence of recurrent ischemic stroke decreased from 15.0% to 12.0%. Among surviving stroke and TIA patients, 53.1% were included for randomization, 35.7% were excluded mainly due to physical or cognitive disability, and 11.2% declined participation in the randomized phase. A low level of education was independently associated with exclusion, as well as the patient’s decision to abstain from randomization. Excluded patients had a more than 12-times higher risk of death within 1 year than patients who were randomized. After 1 year of follow-up, the mean systolic BP, diastolic BP, and LDL-C levels were 3.3 mmHg (95% CI 0.3 to 6.3), 2.3 mmHg (95% CI 0.5 to 4.2), and 0.3 mmol/L (95% CI 0.1 to 0.4) lower in the intervention group than among controls. Among participants with values above the treatment goal at baseline, the differences in systolic BP and LDL-C levels were more pronounced (8.0 mmHg, 95% CI 4.0 to 12.1; 0.6 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.9). In the intervention group, participants with a low level of education achieved similar or larger improvements in BP and LDL-C than participants with a high level of education. In the control group, BP remained unaltered and the LDL-C levels increased among participants with a low level of education.Conclusion The 1-year risk of ischemic stroke recurrence decreased in Sweden between 1998 and 2010. Nurse-led, telephone-based secondary preventive follow-up is feasible in just over half of the survivors of acute stroke and TIA and achieve better than usual care in terms of BP and LDL-C levels, and equality in BP improvements across groups defined by education level. However, a large proportion of stroke survivors are in a general condition precluding this form of follow-up, and their prognosis in terms of 1-year survival is poor. Patients with a low education level are over-represented within this group and among patients declining randomization for secondary preventive follow-up.
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| 9. |
- Olsson, Richard, 1975-
(författare)
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The Microvasculature of Endogenous and Transplanted Pancreatic Islets : Blood Perfusion, Oxygenation and Islet Endocrine Function
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus affects millions of people worldwide. Islet transplantation is a minimal invasive surgical procedure that restores euglycemia and halts the progression of diabetic complications. However, despite transplantation of islets from multiple donors most patients reverse to hyperglycemia within five years. New strategies to improve long-term outcome of islet transplantation are indispensable. This thesis studied differences in the microvasculature between endogenous and transplanted pancreatic islets, and investigated means to improve islet graft revascularization and function. Islet graft microvessels were similar to endogenous islets responsive to adenosine, angiotensin II and nitric oxide (NO). Recipient hyperglycemia induced a higher basal islet graft blood flow, which also was less dependent on NO than in normoglycemic recipients. Transplantation of freshly isolated instead of cultured islets improved graft revascularization, oxygenation and function. Pretreatment of islets with vascular endothelial growth factor decreased their expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and impaired graft revascularization. Moreover, MMP-9 pretreatment per se improved graft revascularization. In vivo, 20-25% of all endogenous rat islets was low oxygenated (pO2 <10 mmHg). Changes in the islet mass, by means of whole-pancreas transplantation, doubled the fraction of low oxygenated islets in the endogenous pancreas of transplanted animals, whereas this fraction almost completely disappeared after a 60% partial pancreatectomy. Interestingly, oxygenation was related to metabolism, since well oxygenated islets in vivo had 50% higher leucine-dependent protein biosynthesis, which includes (pro)insulin biosynthesis. In intraportally transplanted islets, the low oxygenated fraction of islets was markedly increased one day post-transplantation, and the oxygenation remained low following revascularization. In summary, these data suggest that a better revascularization of transplanted islets can improve graft function. Furthermore, the oxygenation and metabolism of endogenous islets is tightly regulated. This regulation seems to be disturbed following transplantation, which may contribute to long-term islet graft failure.
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