| 1. |
- Bergmann, B., et al.
(författare)
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Memory B Cells in Mouse Models
- 2013
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0300-9475. ; 78:2, s. 149-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the principles behind vaccination, as shown by Edward Jenner in 1796, and host protection is immunological memory, and one of the cells central to this is the antigen-experienced memory B cell that responds rapidly upon re-exposure to the initiating antigen. Classically, memory B cells have been defined as progenies of germinal centre (GC) B cells expressing isotype-switched and substantially mutated B cell receptors (BCRs), that is, membrane-bound antibodies. However, it has become apparent over the last decade that this is not the only pathway to B cell memory. Here, we will discuss memory B cells in mice, as defined by (1) cell surface markers; (2) multiple layers; (3) formation in a T cell-dependent and either GC-dependent or GC-independent manner; (4) formation in a T cell-independent fashion. Lastly, we will touch upon memory B cells in; (5) mouse models of autoimmune diseases.
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| 2. |
- Thorarinsdottir, Brynja Kristin, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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CD21(-/low) B cells: A Snapshot of a Unique B Cell Subset in Health and Disease
- 2015
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0300-9475. ; 82:3, s. 254-261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- B cells represent one of the cellular components of the immune system that protects the individual from invading pathogens. In response to the invader, these cells differentiate into plasma cells and produce large amounts of antibodies that bind to and eliminate the pathogen. A hallmark of autoimmune diseases is the production of autoantibodies i.e. antibodies that recognize self. Those that are considered pathogenic can damage tissues and organs, either by direct binding or when deposited as immune complexes. For decades, B cells have been considered to play a major role in autoimmune diseases by antibody production. However, as pathogenic autoantibodies appear to derive mainly from T cell dependent responses, T cells have been the focus for many years. The successful treatment of patients with autoimmune diseases with either B cell depletion therapy (rituximab) or inhibition of B cell survival (belimumab), suggested that not only the autoantibodies but also other B cell features are important. This has caused a surge of interest in B cells and their biology resulting in the identification of various subsets e.g. regulatory B cells, several memory B cell subsets etc. Also, in other conditions such as chronic viral infections and primary immunodeficiency, several B cell subsets with unique characteristics have been identified. In this review, we will discuss one of these subsets, a subset that is expanded in conditions characterized by chronic immune stimulation. This B cell subset lacks, or expresses low, surface levels of the complement receptor 2 (CD21) and has therefore been termed CD21(-/low) B cells.
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| 3. |
- Thorarinsdottir, Brynja Kristin, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies in childhood
- 2011
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Ingår i: Neuromuscular Disorders. - 0960-8966. ; 21:9-10, s. 746-747
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies in childhood. Muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies often produce a similar clinical picture of muscle weakness and atrophy. Population studies that include muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies are rare, it is not well studied how common these disorders are. The aim of the study was to identify all the patients diagnosed with muscular dystrophies and congenital myopathies in childhood over a thirty year period, between 1979 and 2009. The geographic area studied was the region of western Sweden. We analyzed registers from local and regional pediatric hospitals and local and regional child rehabilitations, registers of muscle biopsies, neurophysiologic examinations and genetic analyses. The total number of identified cases were 221 patients. 131 patients with muscular dystrophies that were divided into 61 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 12 with Becker muscular dystrophy, 21 with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 15 with facioscapulohumeral muscle dystrophy, 3 with Emery-Dreifuss muscle dystrophy and 19 with congenital muscle dystrophy. 90 patients were diagnosed with congenital myopathy. The study will present the incidence, prevalence and relative frequency of these disorders in childhood.
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