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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Andersson, Per Gösta, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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An Optimal Calibration Distance Leading to the Optimal Regresion Estimator
- 2005
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Ingår i: Survey methodology. - 0714-0045. ; 31:1, s. 95-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When there is auxiliary information in survey sampling, the design based optimal regression estimator of a finite population mean is known to be at least asymptocially more effective than the corresponding GREG estimator . We show that the optimal estimator can be seen as a calibration estimator.
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- Bayram, Nazan, et al.
(författare)
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Quality of life among Turkish immirants in Sweden : a study for assessing the Measurement properties of the World Health Organization's Quality of Life 100 Instrument
- 2011
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Ingår i: Migracijske i etnicke teme (Journal of Migration and Ethnic Studies). - Zagreb : Inst for Migration and Ethnic Studies. - 1333-2546. ; 27:1, s. 39-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many instruments have been developed to measure the multidimensional construct of quality of life. One of them has been developed by the World Health Organization (WHOQOL-100) and adapted into different languages and cultures around the world. The authors of this study wanted to assess the measurement properties of the Turkish version of WHOQOL-100, to find out the latent factors underlying quality of life, and to determine the direction and magnitude of the interdependent effects among these factors by using structural equation modeling (SEM). The measurement properties of the Turkish version of WHOQOL-100 scale were assessed on 520 voluntary participants who were immigrants in Stockholm/Sweden. SEM gave us one second-order factor QOL and the five correlated first-order factors labelled: physical, social relations, psychological, environment and independence. In the model for total participants, all the factor loadings were high (ranging from 0.60 to 0.92 except for “sexuality” which was 0.47), indicating a strong association between each of the latent factors and their respective items. In the models which were separately constructed regarding birthplace, the authors found a strong association between each of the latent factors and their respective items. The most substantial possible effect on QOL was psychological domain (0.93), which was larger than physical health (0.84), social relations (0.82), level of independence (0.91) and environment (0.73). The effect of psychological domain on the overall quality of life is greater than those of other domains.
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| 6. |
- Bayram, Nuran, et al.
(författare)
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Turkish immigrants in Sweden : are they integrated?
- 2009
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Ingår i: The international migration review. - : SAGE Publications. - 0197-9183 .- 1747-7379. ; 43:1, s. 90-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many in Europe believe that large numbers of Turkish immigrants have failed to integrate into their host communities. How is ths situation in Sweden? We found that most of the Turkish immigrants felt themselves to be Turkish and Sweden was accepted as a foregin country. Turkish-originated media was followed frequently and strong ties with relatives in Turkey were maintained. Marriage and friendship with native Swedes were not well accepted. We conclude that despite the mulicultural aspects of Swedish integration policies, Turkish immigrants in Sweden were not well integrated and they prefer to live within the boundaries of their segregated, closed, small communities.
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| 7. |
- Franzén, Jessica, 1975-
(författare)
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Bayesian Cluster Analysis : Some Extensions to Non-standard Situations
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Bayesian approach to cluster analysis is presented. We assume that all data stem from a finite mixture model, where each component corresponds to one cluster and is given by a multivariate normal distribution with unknown mean and variance. The method produces posterior distributions of all cluster parameters and proportions as well as associated cluster probabilities for all objects. We extend this method in several directions to some common but non-standard situations. The first extension covers the case with a few deviant observations not belonging to one of the normal clusters. An extra component/cluster is created for them, which has a larger variance or a different distribution, e.g. is uniform over the whole range. The second extension is clustering of longitudinal data. All units are clustered at all time points separately and the movements between time points are modeled by Markov transition matrices. This means that the clustering at one time point will be affected by what happens at the neighbouring time points. The third extension handles datasets with missing data, e.g. item non-response. We impute the missing values iteratively in an extra step of the Gibbs sampler estimation algorithm. The Bayesian inference of mixture models has many advantages over the classical approach. However, it is not without computational difficulties. A software package, written in Matlab for Bayesian inference of mixture models is introduced. The programs of the package handle the basic cases of clustering data that are assumed to arise from mixture models of multivariate normal distributions, as well as the non-standard situations.
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| 8. |
- Franzén, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic evaluation of mastitis liability and recovery through longitudinal analysis of transition probabilities
- 2012
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Ingår i: Genetics Selection Evolution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0999-193X .- 1297-9686. ; 44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Many methods for the genetic analysis of mastitis use a cross-sectional approach, which omits information on, e.g., repeated mastitis cases during lactation, somatic cell count fluctuations, and recovery process. Acknowledging the dynamic behavior of mastitis during lactation and taking into account that there is more than one binary response variable to consider, can enhance the genetic evaluation of mastitis. Methods: Genetic evaluation of mastitis was carried out by modeling the dynamic nature of somatic cell count (SCC) within the lactation. The SCC patterns were captured by modeling transition probabilities between assumed states of mastitis and non-mastitis. A widely dispersed SCC pattern generates high transition probabilities between states and vice versa. This method can model transitions to and from states of infection simultaneously, i.e. both the mastitis liability and the recovery process are considered. A multilevel discrete time survival model was applied to estimate breeding values on simulated data with different dataset sizes, mastitis frequencies, and genetic correlations. Results: Correlations between estimated and simulated breeding values showed that the estimated accuracies for mastitis liability were similar to those from previously tested methods that used data of confirmed mastitis cases, while our results were based on SCC as an indicator of mastitis. In addition, unlike the other methods, our method also generates breeding values for the recovery process. Conclusions: The developed method provides an effective tool for the genetic evaluation of mastitis when considering the whole disease course and will contribute to improving the genetic evaluation of udder health.
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