| 1. |
- Diamantopoulou, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of executive functioning and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on children's peer relations and school performance
- 2007
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Ingår i: Developmental Neuropsychology. - 8756-5641 .- 1532-6942. ; 32:1, s. 521-542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the predictive relations from symptoms of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and executive functioning (EF) to social and school functioning in 112 (62 girls) school children. High levels of teacher and parent ratings of ADHD symptoms at the ages of 8-8 1/2 years, and poor EF measured at the age of 8 1/2, were associated with poor social functioning measured by peer nominations and poor teacher ratings of school functioning at the age of 9 1/2. ADHD symptoms independently predicted social and school functioning, whereas EF independently predicted only school functioning. Interaction effects between ADHD and EF and between EF and gender were found: At high levels of symptoms of inattention, the poorer the EF, the greater the need for special education. At high levels of symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity, the poorer the EF, the higher the levels of physical aggression. Girls with poor EF were less accepted by peers than equivalent boys.
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| 2. |
- Karlsson, Anette, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect on precision and T1 bias comparing two flip angles when estimating muscle fat infiltration using fat-referenced chemical shift-encoded imaging
- 2021
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Ingår i: NMR in Biomedicine. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0952-3480 .- 1099-1492. ; 34:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Investigation of the effect on accuracy and precision of different parameter settings is important for quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The purpose of this study was to investigate T1-bias and precision for muscle fat infiltration (MFI) using fat-referenced chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging at 5° and 10° flip angle. This [MB1] experimental study was done on forty postmenopausal women using 3T MRI test and retest images using 4-point 3D spoiled gradient multi-echo acquisition including real and imaginary images for reconstruction acquired at Flip angles 5° and 10°. Post-processing included T2* correction and fat-referenced calibration of the fat signal. The mean MFI was calculated in six different automatically segmented muscle regions using both the fat-referenced fat signal and the fat fraction calculated from the fat and water image pair for each acquisition. The variance of the difference between mean MFI from test and retest was used as measure of precision. The SNR characteristics were analyzed by measuring difference of the full width half maximum of the fat signal distribution using Student’s t-test.There was no difference in the mean fat-referenced MFI at different flip angles with the fat-referenced technique, which was the case using the fat fraction. No significant difference in the precision was found in any of the muscles analyzed. However, the full width half maximum of the fat signal distribution was significantly lower at 10° flip angle compared to 5°. Fat-referenced MFI is insensitive to T1 bias in chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging enabling usage of a higher and more SNR effective flip angle. The lower full-width-at half-maximum in fat-referenced MFI at 10° indicates that high flip angle acquisition is advantageous although no significant differences in precision was observed comparing 5° and 10°.
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| 3. |
- Lindqvist, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Brief Report : Manipulation of Task Difficulty in Inhibitory Control Tasks
- 2009
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Ingår i: Child Neuropsychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0929-7049 .- 1744-4136. ; 15:1, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study investigated how task difficulty can be manipulated in inhibitory control tasks. Tasks from three widely used task paradigms a Go/No-Go task, a Stop-Signal task, and a Flanker task were manipulated on two parameters each (Go/No-Go task: interstimulus interval, prepotency. Stop-signal task: stop-signal-delay, prepotency. Flanker task: number of distractors, size of target stimulus). Participants were 86 children (age 4-6) from a population-based sample. The results showed no significant effects on the Go/No-Go task but both main and interaction effects on the Stop-Signal task and the Flanker task. Together, these findings indicate that task difficulty can be successfully manipulated in inhibitory control tasks. However, the interactive rather than additive effects on performance suggest that the level of one parameter only has the desired effect under certain conditions. This new information about how to manipulate task difficulty is important when adapting tasks for use with children of different ages, as well as when designing training programs for improving inhibitory control among children with ADHD.
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| 4. |
- Nilsson, Sigrid, et al.
(författare)
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Resistance training decreased abdominal adiposity in postmenopausal women
- 2023
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Ingår i: Maturitas. - : ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD. - 0378-5122 .- 1873-4111. ; 176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To investigate if abdominal adipose tissue volumes and ratios change after a 15-week structured resistance training intervention in postmenopausal women with vasomotor symptoms (VMS).Study design: Sixty-five postmenopausal women with VMS and low physical activity were randomized to either three days/week supervised resistance training or unchanged physical activity for 15 weeks. Women underwent clinical anthropometric measurements and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and after 15 weeks. MRI was done using a Philips Ingenia 3.0 T MR scanner (Philips, Best, The Netherlands). The per protocol principle was used in the analysis of data.Main outcome measurements: The absolute change from baseline to week 15 in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume and the relative ratio (VAT ratio) between VAT and total abdominal adipose tissue (TAAT), i.e. the sum of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) and VAT.Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in characteristics, anthropometry or MRI measures at baseline. Women who were compliant with the intervention (i.e. participated in at least two of the three scheduled training sessions per week) had significantly different reduction over time in ASAT (p = 0.006), VAT (p = 0.002), TAAT (p = 0.003) and fat ratio (p < 0.001) compared with women in the control group.Conclusions: Implementation of a 15-week resistance training regimen in midlife may help women to counteract the abdominal fat redistribution associated with the menopausal transition. Clinical trials: gov registered ID: NCT01987778.
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| 5. |
- Rydell, Ann-Margret, et al.
(författare)
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Hyperactivity, shyness and sex : Development and socio-emotional functioning
- 2009
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Ingår i: British Journal of Developmental Psychology. - 0261-510X .- 2044-835X. ; 27:3, s. 625-648
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Based on formulations about the possible consequences for adaptation of gender non-normative behaviour, we investigated predictive and concurrent relations of hyperactivity and shyness to various aspects of adaptation focusing on possible effects of sex. At ages 5-6, parents and preschool teachers rated hyperactivity and shyness for 151 children (50% boys). At age 9, we obtained teacher ratings of hyperactivity, internalizing and externalizing problems, self-ratings of trait anxiety, and peer nominations of shyness, social preference, and aggression. Several effects of sex were found. Hyperactivity ratings were more strongly related across time and raters for boys than for girls. In the predictive analyses, boys' hyperactivity was more strongly related to aggression than was girls' hyperactivity, and in concurrent analyses, girls' hyperactivity was more strongly associated with low social preference than was boys' hyperactivity. There was a protective effect of shyness with regard to aggression that applied only to boys, that is, at high hyperactivity levels, boys with high shyness levels were less aggressive than boys with low shyness levels. There were also main effects of hyperactivity and shyness. In predictive and concurrent analyses, hyperactivity was associated with low social preference, high levels of externalizing problems and with aggression, whereas shyness was associated with high levels of internalizing problems. Finally, there was an interactive effect of hyperactivity and shyness. In the concurrent analyses, an exacerbating effect was demonstrated insofar as high shyness was associated with low social preference at high, but not at low levels of hyperactivity. The different developmental risks of hyperactivity and shyness were discussed.
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| 6. |
- Sjowall, Douglas, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple deficits in ADHD : executive dysfunction, delay aversion, reaction time variability, and emotional deficits
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0021-9630 .- 1469-7610. ; 54:6, s. 619-627
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The notion that ADHD constitutes a heterogeneous disorder is well accepted. However, this study contributes with new important knowledge by examining independent effects of a large range of neuropsychological deficits. In addition, the study investigated whether deficits in emotional functioning constitute a dissociable component of ADHD. Method: The study included children with ADHD (n=102; 713years) and a control sample individually matched with regard to age and gender. The administered tasks were designed to tap into three different neuropsychological domains: executive functions (i.e., working memory, inhibition, and shifting), delay aversion, and reaction time variability. Parent ratings of emotion regulation and a test of emotion recognition were also included. Results: Children with ADHD differed significantly from controls on all measures, except for delay aversion and recognition of disgust. No main effects of gender or interaction effects of gender and group were found. More importantly, executive functioning, reaction time variability, and emotional functioning all contributed independently to distinguishing between children with ADHD and controls. Conclusions: The current study supports the view of ADHD as a heterogeneous disorder related to multiple neuropsychological deficits. In addition, emotional functioning appears to be an area of importance for ADHD that needs to be incorporated into future theoretical models.
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| 7. |
- Thorell, Lisa B., et al.
(författare)
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Emotional functioning, ADHD symptoms, and peer problems : A longitudinal investigation of children age 6-9.5years
- 2017
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Ingår i: Infant and Child Development. - : Wiley. - 1522-7227 .- 1522-7219. ; 26:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to investigate the interplay between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and emotional functioning in relation to peer problems. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms and regulation/reactivity with regard to four emotions (anger, sadness, fear, and happiness/exuberance) at age six were investigated in relation to sociometric peer nominations 3years later in a non-clinical sample (n=91). Reactivity and regulation were only modestly correlated, and these two aspects of emotional functioning did not show the same relation to peer problems. The main finding was that, it was primarily children with high levels of ADHD symptoms in combination with either high dysregulation or low reactivity with regard to happiness/exuberance who received many negative peer nominations. In addition, high levels of ADHD symptoms in combination with high reactivity with regard to anger were associated with nominations of physical aggression. The modest relation between reactivity and regulation emphasizes the importance of separating these two constructs. The fact that it was primarily happiness/exuberance, as opposed to negative emotions, that was associated with negative peer nominations suggests that future studies are needed to clarify the role of specific emotions in relation to the functional impairments associated with ADHD symptoms. Highlights The present study aimed to investigate the interplay between ADHD symptoms and emotional functioning in relation to peer problems using a longitudinal design (age 6-9 years). Ratings of ADHD symptoms and emotional functioning were investigated in relation to sociometric peer nominations and results showed that it was primarily children with high levels of ADHD symptoms in combination with either high dysregulation or low reactivity with regard to happiness/exuberance who received many negative peer nominations. The fact that it was primarily happiness/exuberance, as opposed to negative emotions, that was associated with negative peer nominations suggests that future studies are needed to clarify the role of specific emotions in relation to the functional impairments associated with ADHD symptoms.
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| 8. |
- Thorell, Lisa B., et al.
(författare)
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Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children
- 2009
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Ingår i: Developmental Science. - : Wiley. - 1363-755X .- 1467-7687. ; 12:1, s. 106-113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Executive functions, including working memory and inhibition, are of central importance to much of human behavior. Interventions intended to improve executive functions might therefore serve an important purpose. Previous studies show that working memory can be improved by training, but it is unknown if this also holds for inhibition, and whether it is possible to train executive functions in preschoolers. In the present study, preschool children received computerized training of either visuo-spatial working memory or inhibition for 5 weeks. An active control group played commercially available computer games, and a passive control group took part in only pre- and posttesting. Children trained on working memory improved significantly on trained tasks; they showed training effects on non-trained tests of spatial and verbal working memory, as well as transfer effects to attention. Children trained on inhibition showed a significant improvement over time on two out of three trained task paradigms, but no significant improvements relative to the control groups on tasks measuring working memory or attention. In neither of the two interventions were there effects on non-trained inhibitory tasks. The results suggest that working memory training can have significant effects also among preschool children. The finding that inhibition could not be improved by either one of the two training programs might be due to the particular training program used in the present study or possibly indicate that executive functions differ in how easily they can be improved by training, which in turn might relate to differences in their underlying psychological and neural processes.
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| 9. |
- West, Janne, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Precision of MRI-based body composition measurements of postmenopausal women
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - San Francisco, United States : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 13:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To determine precision of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based fat and muscle quantification in a group of postmenopausal women. Furthermore, to extend the method to individual muscles relevant to upper-body exercise. Materials and methods This was a sub-study to a randomized control trial investigating effects of resistance training to decrease hot flushes in postmenopausal women. Thirty-six women were included, mean age 56 +/- 6 years. Each subject was scanned twice with a 3.0T MR-scanner using a whole-body Dixon protocol. Water and fat images were calculated using a 6-peak lipid model including R2*-correction. Body composition analyses were performed to measure visceral and subcutaneous fat volumes, lean volumes and muscle fat infiltration (MFI) of the muscle groups thigh muscles, lower leg muscles, and abdominal muscles, as well as the three individual muscles pectoralis, latissimus, and rhomboideus. Analysis was performed using a multi-atlas, calibrated water-fat separated quantification method. Liver-fat was measured as average proton density fat-fraction (PDFF) of three regions-of-interest. Precision was determined with Bland-Altman analysis, repeatability, and coefficient of variation. Results All of the 36 included women were successfully scanned and analysed. The coefficient of variation was 1.1% to 1.5% for abdominal fat compartments (visceral and subcutaneous), 0.8% to 1.9% for volumes of muscle groups (thigh, lower leg, and abdomen), and 2.3% to 7.0% for individual muscle volumes (pectoralis, latissimus, and rhomboideus). Limits of agreement for MFI was within +/- 2.06% for muscle groups and within +/- 5.13% for individual muscles. The limits of agreement for liver PDFF was within +/- 1.9%. Conclusion Whole-body Dixon MRI could characterize a range of different fat and muscle compartments with high precision, including individual muscles, in the study-group of postmenopausal women. The inclusion of individual muscles, calculated from the same scan, enables analysis for specific intervention programs and studies.
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