| 1. |
- Stanaway, Jeffrey D., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1923-1994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
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| 2. |
- Tedersoo, Leho, et al.
(författare)
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Global diversity and geography of soil fungi
- 2014
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 346:6213, s. artikel nr 1256688-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fungi play major roles in ecosystem processes, but the determinants of fungal diversity and biogeographic patterns remain poorly understood. Using DNA metabarcoding data from hundreds of globally distributed soil samples, we demonstrate that fungal richness is decoupled from plant diversity. The plant-to-fungus richness ratio declines exponentially toward the poles. Climatic factors, followed by edaphic and spatial variables, constitute the best predictors of fungal richness and community composition at the global scale. Fungi show similar latitudinal diversity gradients to other organisms, with several notable exceptions. These findings advance our understanding of global fungal diversity patterns and permit integration of fungi into a general macroecological framework.
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| 3. |
- von Seidlein, Lorenz, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of targeted malaria elimination with mass drug administrations on falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia: A cluster randomised trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLoS Medicine. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1549-1277 .- 1549-1676. ; 16:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) threatens global malaria elimination efforts. Mass drug administration (MDA), the presumptive antimalarial treatment of an entire population to clear the subclinical parasite reservoir, is a strategy to accelerate malaria elimination. We report a cluster randomised trial to assess the effectiveness of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) MDA in reducing falciparum malaria incidence and prevalence in 16 remote village populations in Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, where artemisinin resistance is prevalent. Methods and findings After establishing vector control and community-based case management and following intensive community engagement, we used restricted randomisation within village pairs to select 8 villages to receive early DP MDA and 8 villages as controls for 12 months, after which the control villages received deferred DP MDA. The MDA comprised 3 monthly rounds of 3 daily doses of DP and, except in Cambodia, a single low dose of primaquine. We conducted exhaustive cross-sectional surveys of the entire population of each village at quarterly intervals using ultrasensitive quantitative PCR to detect Plasmodium infections. The study was conducted between May 2013 and July 2017. The investigators randomised 16 villages that had a total of 8,445 residents at the start of the study. Of these 8,445 residents, 4,135 (49%) residents living in 8 villages, plus an additional 288 newcomers to the villages, were randomised to receive early MDA; 3,790 out of the 4,423 (86%) participated in at least 1 MDA round, and 2,520 out of the 4,423 (57%) participated in all 3 rounds. The primary outcome, P. falciparum prevalence by month 3 (M3), fell by 92% (from 5.1% [171/3,340] to 0.4% [12/2,828]) in early MDA villages and by 29% (from 7.2% [246/3,405] to 5.1% [155/3,057]) in control villages. Over the following 9 months, the P. falciparum prevalence increased to 3.3% (96/2,881) in early MDA villages and to 6.1% (128/2,101) in control villages (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.41 [95% CI 0.20 to 0.84]; p = 0.015). Individual protection was proportional to the number of completed MDA rounds. Of 221 participants with subclinical P. falciparum infections who participated in MDA and could be followed up, 207 (94%) cleared their infections, including 9 of 10 with artemisinin-and piperaquine- resistant infections. The DP MDAs were well tolerated; 6 severe adverse events were detected during the follow-up period, but none was attributable to the intervention. Conclusions Added to community-based basic malaria control measures, 3 monthly rounds of DP MDA reduced the incidence and prevalence of falciparum malaria over a 1-year period in areas affected by artemisinin resistance. P. falciparum infections returned during the follow-up period as the remaining infections spread and malaria was reintroduced from surrounding areas. Limitations of this study include a relatively small sample of villages, heterogeneity between villages, and mobility of villagers that may have limited the impact of the intervention. These results suggest that, if used as part of a comprehensive, well-organised, and well-resourced elimination programme, DP MDA can be a useful additional tool to accelerate malaria elimination.
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| 4. |
- Vu Trong, Thu, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Constellation of small quick-launch and self-deorbiting nano-satellites with AIS receivers for global ship traffic monitoring
- 2011
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Ingår i: 2nd Nano-Satellite Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, Mars 2011.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since December 2004 the International Maritime Organization's International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea requires that Automatic Identification System (AIS) has to be implemented on all international voyaging ships with gross tonnage of 300 or more tons, and on all passenger ships regardless of size. This stems from the need of collision avoidance, search-and-rescue operations and other maritime purposes. Ground-based AIS receiving station usually cannot cover ships over the horizon, but with space-based AIS signal receivers, the global ship monitoring became possible, providing data service for maritime administrations, cargo liners, and even navies. Since 2007, a number micro-satellites and nano-satellites have been launched for technical demonstration in this respect. However, at present the space-based global AIS data service is not fully operational and international cooperation is limited. In this paper, a constellation of 3 self-deorbiting nano-satellites, with a mass equivalent to 3U cubesats, carrying AIS receivers is proposed to complement the existing systems. The feasible study presented here showed that this mission can be realized at very low cost, and quick-launched. Three other important features of the mission are: international cooperation, making a practical use of smaller nano-satellites and taking the responsibility for deorbiting the satellites at the end of mission. It is also the hope that this mission will become a milestone that marks the maturity of smaller nanosats, and give the "student satellite" projects around the world a new dimension for real application and sustainable business application.
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| 5. |
- Vu Trong, Thu, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Tiềm năng lớn của vệ tinh siêu nhỏ đáp ứng nhu cầuquản lý hàng hải của Việt Nam
- 2011
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Ingår i: REV/ComNaVi-11, Workshop on Communications and Navigations for the Development of Vietnam's Marine Economy, Da Nang city Vietnam, August 2-4, 2011.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trong 10 năm gần đây, loại vệ tinh siêu nhỏ có kích thước 10x10x10 cm và trọng lượng 1 kg với tên gọi CubeSat từ công cụ thực hành của sinh viên đại học đang dần trở thành nền tảng cho những vệ tinh có khả năng ứng dụng trong thực tiễn. Ngày nay, người sử dụng có thể tự thiết kế hoặc mua sẵn linh kiện điện tử và cơ khí lắp thành vệ tinh cỡ 1, 2, 3... kg với các tính năng mong muốn. Ưu điểm của loại vệ tinh siêu nhỏ này là thời gian chế tạo ngắn, chi phí thấp và càng phát huy năng lực khi sử dụng cả một chùm vệ tinh. Nhờ có thể thích hợp hóa dễ dàng với từng nhu cầu thực tiễn và nhờ những tiến bộ nhanh chóng trong lĩnh vực điện tử và công nghệ thu nhỏ các hệ thống cảm ứng, nhiều nhu cầu quản lý hàng hải của Việt Nam được đánh giá là khả thi ngay trong thời điểm hiện tại. Nhiều trường đại học trên thế giới đã sử dụng thành công vệ tinh siêu nhỏ trong các chương trình viễn thám và khoa học vũ trụ. Gần đây, Trường đại học FPT cộng tác với Đại học Uppsala Thụy Điển đã đưa ra ý tưởng sử dụng loại vệ tinh này trong công tác quản lý hàng hải Việt Nam và đã được Trường đại học Tokyo, Nhật Bản tuyển chọn, mời sang trình bày đề án tại hội thảo “2nd Nano-satellite symposium” ngày 13-15/3/2011. Nói tóm tắt, đây là đề án dùng chùm vệ tinh siêu nhỏ loại 3kg có trang bị máy thu tín hiệu định vị (AIS) của tàu thuyền lưu thông trên biển, nhằm hỗ trợ công tác quản lý hàng hải và tìm kiếm, cứu nạn. Bài viết này đề cập đến loại vệ tinh siêu nhỏ CubeSat có thể áp dụng cho các nhu cầu thiết thực của Việt Nam, đồng thời cũng trình bày về đề án theo dõi sự di chuyển của tàu biển từ vệ tinh làm ví dụ điển hình cho thấy tiềm năng lớn của vệ tinh siêu nhỏ đáp ứng nhu cầu quản lý hàng hải hiện nay của đất nước.
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| 6. |
- Abbafati, Cristiana, et al.
(författare)
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- 2020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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