| 1. |
- Ahlin, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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Human capital sorting : The "when" and "who" of the sorting of educated workers to urban regions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of regional science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-4146 .- 1467-9787. ; 58:3, s. 581-610
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sorting of high-ability workers is often advanced as one source of spatial disparities in economic outcomes. There are still few papers that analyze when human capital sorting occurs and whom it involves. Using data on 16 cohorts of university graduates in Sweden, we demonstrate significant sorting to urban regions on high school grades and education levels of parents, i.e., two attributes typically associated with latent abilities that are valued in the labor market. A large part of this sorting has already occurred in deciding where to study, because the top universities in Sweden are predominantly located in urban regions. The largest part of directed sorting on ability indicators occurs in the decision of where to study. Even after controlling for sorting prior to labor market entry, the best and brightest are still more likely to start working in urban regions. However, this effect appears to be driven by Sweden's main metropolitan region, Stockholm. We find no influence of our ability indicators on the probability of starting to work in urban regions after graduation when Stockholm is excluded. Studies of human capital sorting need to account for selection processes to and from universities, because neglecting mobility prior to labor market entry is likely to lead to an underestimation of the extent of the sorting to urban regions.
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| 2. |
- Ahlin, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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Market Thickness and the Early Labour Market Career of University Graduates : An Urban Advantage?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Spatial Economic Analysis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1742-1772 .- 1742-1780. ; 9:4, s. 396-419
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyse the influence of market thickness for skills on initial wages and the early job market career of university graduates. Using Swedish micro-level panel data on a cohort of graduates, we show that two out of three graduates move to large cities upon graduation. Large cities increase employment probabilities and yield higher rewards to human capital, even after controlling for employment selection. The premium on initial wages for graduates in urban regions is in the interval of 5-6%, and we estimate a wage-growth premium of about 2-4%. Thicker markets for skills appear as a key reason for the concentration of graduates to larger cities.
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| 3. |
- Aminoff, A, et al.
(författare)
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Allele-specific regulation of MTTP expression influences the risk of ischemic heart disease.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of lipid research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 51:1, s. 103-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Promoter polymorphisms in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) have been associated with decreased plasma lipids but an increased risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD), indicating that MTTP influences the susceptibility for IHD independent of plasma lipids. The objective of this study was to characterize the functional promoter polymorphism in MTTP predisposing to IHD and its underlying mechanism. Use of pyrosequencing technology revealed that presence of the minor alleles of the promoter polymorphisms -493G>T and -164T>C result in lower transcription of MTTP in vivo in the heart, liver, and macrophages. In vitro experiments indicated that the minor -164C allele mediates the lower gene expression and that C/EBP binds to the polymorphic region in an allele-specific manner. Furthermore, homozygous carriers of the -164C were found to have increased risk for IHD as shown in a case-control study including a total of 544 IHD patients and 544 healthy control subjects. We concluded that carriers of the minor -164C allele have lower expression of MTTP in the heart, mediated at least partly by the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, and that reduced concentration of MTTP in the myocardium may contribute to IHD upon ischemic damage.
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Creative Destruction and Productivity : Entrepreneurship by Type, Sector and Sequence
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy. - : Emerald. - 2045-2101. ; 1:2, s. 125-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – Schumpeter claimed the entrepreneur to be instrumental for creative destruction and industrial dynamics. Entrepreneurial entry serves to transform and revitalize industries, thereby enhancing their competitiveness. The purpose of this paper is to investigate if entry of new firms influences productivity amongst incumbent firms, and the extent to which altered productivity can be attributed sector and time specific effects.Design/methodology/approach – Implementing a unique dataset the paper estimates a firm-level production function in which the productivity of incumbent firms is modeled as a function of firm attributes and regional entrepreneurship activity.Findings – The analysis finds support for positive productivity effects of entrepreneurship on incumbent firms, albeit the effect varies over time, what the authors refer to as a “delayed entry effect”. An immediate negative influence on productivity is followed by a positive effect several years after the initial entry. Moreover, the productivity of incumbent firms in services sectors appears to be more responsive to regional entrepreneurship, as compared to the productivity of manufacturing firms.Originality/value – The paper employs a firm-level production function approach allowing for time lags of the effect of entrepreneurship. The unique data implemented allow the authors to identify genuinely new ventures as compared to those associated with reorganizations of existing businesses, thereby overcoming much of data deficiencies in previous studies. In addition, data are distributed on Swedish functional labor market regions.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Does spatial employment density spur inter-firm job switching?
- 2013
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Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - : Springer. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 51:1, s. 245-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inter-firm job switching of workers is a much cited but seldom measured source of the productivity advantages of spatial employment density. It has been advanced as a conduit for localized knowledge flows as well as labor market matching efficiency. Using a matched employer-employee dataset for Sweden, we estimate the influence spatial employment density has on the probability of inter-firm job switching of private sector workers. Our estimates suggest that a doubling of employment density per square kilometer increases the probability that a random worker switches employer by 0.2 % points. The same effect is substantially higher for more skilled workers. While the effect of a doubling of density is limited, the actual differences in density across the regions in our data amount to a factor over 40, rendering differences in density an important explanation for regional variations in rates of inter-firm job switching.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Globalisering, arbetskraftens rörlighet och produktivitet
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Teknologiska framsteg och kunskapsutveckling är den viktigaste förklaringen till högre tillväxt och ett ökat välstånd. I en dynamisk global ekonomi där teknikfronten flyttas framåt i allt snabbare takt blir därför förmågan att tillgodogöra sig ny teknik allt viktigare. Betydelsen av väl fungerande utbildningssystem och starka forskningsmiljöer för produktivitet och tillväxt är väl känt, däremot är kunskaperna beträffande hur kunskap sprids mellan företag och regioner betydligt mer begränsade. Genom att använda ett unikt datamaterial visar författarna att en ökad rörlighet av högutbildade har en positiv inverkan på produktiviteten. Tolkningen är att högutbildade är bärare av kunskap som sprids och kombineras med redan befintlig kunskap vilket i sin tur har positiva produktivitetseffekter. Flöden av arbetskraft mellan företag, regioner och länder blir en viktig komponent för att öka tillväxt och välstånd. Politiken bör därför utforma system som skapar goda förutsättningar för rörlighet samt reducerar inlåsningseffekter i den svenska ekonomin. Resultaten pekar också på att "täta" miljöer som storstäder och klusterbildningar är särskilt gynnsamma för kunskapsspridning, skapandet av humankapital, innovationer och tillväxt.
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| 8. |
- Andersson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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LABOR MOBILITY AND SPATIAL DENSITY
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper focuses on a much cited but seldom measured micro-foundation for agglomerations: inter-firm labor mobility. Labor mobility has been advanced as a vehicle for knowledge flows and labor market efficiency, and is often maintained to be an important source of agglomeration economies. Based on matched employer-employee data, we estimate the influence that spatial employment density has on the probability of inter-firm job-switching, while controlling for ample attributes of each worker and employer. The rate of inter-firm labor mobility varies substantially across regions and we document a systematic and robust positive influence of density on the probability of job switching. The likelihood that such switching is intra-regional is significantly higher if the employees operate in denser regions, verifying that labor mobility (and thus the effects mediated by it) is indeed localized. Higher rates of inter-firm labor mobility appear as a likely mechanism behind the empirically verified productivity advantage of dense regions.
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| 9. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Agglomeration, Relative Wage Costs and Foreign Direct Investment : Evidence from Swedish MNCs 1974-1998
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade. - USA : Springer Nature. - 1566-1679 .- 1573-7012. ; 9:3, s. 197-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the relationship between agglomeration economies and relative wage costs in influencing location of multinational corporations. An inflow of firms to certain regions and industries is likely to increase demand for labor. If mobility of labor is low increased costs can be expected to deter additional inflows of firms, albeit agglomeration economies may compensate for higher wages. Despite its important policy implications this relationship has to our knowledge not been exposed to empirical testing. The empirical analysis finds that foreign direct investment has become increasingly sensitive to differences in wage cost across industrialized countries, but also that agglomeration economies related to knowledge externalities positively influences higher costs. The relative strength of these two forces impacts the spatial distribution of production.
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| 10. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Can Countries Create Comparative Advantages? : R&D-expenditures, high-tech exports and country size in19 OECD-countries, 1981–1999
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyses how increased R&D expenditures and market size influencethe distribution of comparative advantage. Previous studies report ambiguousresults and also refer to periods when markets where much more segmented andproduction factors less mobile. The empirical analysis comprise 19 OECDcountriesand spans the period 1981 to 1999. It is shown how an increase inR&D-expenditures by one percentage point implies a three-percentage pointincrease in high-technology exports, whereas market size fails to attainsignificance. Also institutional factors influence the dynamics of comparativeadvantage.
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