| 1. |
- Dahlberg, Matz, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on population mobility under mild policies : Causal evidence from Sweden
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden has adopted far less restrictive social distancing policies than most countries following the COVID-19 pandemic (1–7). This paper uses data on all mobile phone users, from one major Swedish mobile phone network, to examine the impact of the Coronavirus outbreak under the Swedish mild recommendations and restrictions regime on individual mobility and if changes in geographical mobility vary over different socio-economic strata. Having access to data for January-March in both 2019 and 2020 enables the estimation of causal effects of the COVID-19 outbreak by adopting a Difference-in-Differences research design. The paper reaches four main conclusions: (i) The daytime population in residential areas increased significantly (64 percent average increase); (ii) The daytime presence in industrial and commercial areas decreased significantly (33 percent average decrease); (iii) The distance individuals move from their homes during a day was substantially reduced (38 percent decrease in the maximum distance moved and 36 percent increase in share of individuals 2 who move less than one kilometer from home); (iv) Similar reductions in mobility were found for residents in areas with different socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. These results show that mild government policies can compel people to adopt social distancing behavior.
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| 2. |
- Kourtit, Karima, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable Cities, Quality of Life, and Mobility-Related Happiness
- 2023
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Ingår i: Geography of Happiness. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031198700 - 9783031198731 - 9783031198717 ; , s. 103-120
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cities are increasingly seen as people’s habitat. Citizen tend to regard urban life not only as a convenient way of finding a job or acquiring income, but also as a modus vivendi to enjoy a great variety of urban amenities (culture, friendship, entertainment, urban ‘ambiance’, etc.). Against this background, we observe a rapid rise in urban [un]happiness studies in relation to liveability and quality of life in cities. The present chapter focuses on urban mobility as a source of urbanites’ happiness (or lack thereof). It addresses related key issues from empirical research literature, including a brief overview of urban ‘slow motion’. The study concludes with a summary and a prospective view of future urban challenges in the context of social wellbeing.
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| 3. |
- Müürisepp, Kerli, et al.
(författare)
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Segregation and the pandemic : The dynamics of daytime social diversity during COVID-19 in Greater Stockholm
- 2023
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Ingår i: Applied Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0143-6228 .- 1873-7730. ; 154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we set out to understand how the changes in daily mobility of people during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020 influenced daytime spatial segregation. Rather than focusing on spatial separation, we approached this task from the perspective of daytime socio-spatial diversity – the degree to which people from socially different neighbourhoods share urban space during the day. By applying mobile phone data from Greater Stockholm, Sweden, the study examines weekly changes in 1) daytime social diversity across different types of neighbourhoods, and 2) population groups' exposure to diversity in their main daytime activity locations. Our findings show a decline in daytime diversity in neighbourhoods when the pandemic broke out in mid-March 2020. The decrease in diversity was marked in urban centres, and significantly different in neighbourhoods with different socio-economic and ethnic compositions. Moreover, the decrease in people's exposure to diversity in their daytime activity locations was even more profound and long-lasting. In particular, isolation from diversity increased more among residents of high-income majority neighbourhoods than of low-income minority neighbourhoods. We conclude that while some COVID-19-induced changes might have been temporary, the increased flexibility in where people work and live might ultimately reinforce both residential and daytime segregation.
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| 4. |
- Ogulenko, Aleksey, et al.
(författare)
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The fallacy of the closest antenna : Towards an adequate view of device location in the mobile network
- 2022
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Ingår i: Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0198-9715 .- 1873-7587. ; 95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The partition of the Mobile Phone Network (MPN) service area into the cell towers' Voronoi polygons (VP) may serve as a coordinate system for representing the location of the mobile phone devices, as demonstrated by numerous papers that exploit mobile phone data for studying human spatial mobility. In these studies, the user is assumed to be located inside the VP of the connected antenna. We investigate the credibility of this view by comparing volunteers' empirical data of two kinds: (1) VP of the connected 3G and 4G cell towers and (2) GPS tracks of these users at the time of connection. In more than 60% of connections, the user's mobile device was found outside the VP of the connected cell tower. We demonstrate that the area of a possible device's location is many times larger than the area of the cell tower's VP. To comprise 90% of the possible locations of the device connected to a specific cell tower, one has to consider the tower's VP together with the two adjacent rings of VPs. An additional, third, ring of the adjacent VPs is necessary to comprise 95% of the possible locations of the device connected to the cell tower.The revealed location uncertainty is in the nature of the MPN structure and service and entails essential overlap between the cell towers' service areas. We discuss the far-reaching consequences of this uncertainty for estimating locational privacy and urban mobility - population flows and individual trajectories. Our results undermine today's dominant opinion that an adversary, who obtains access to the database of the Call Detail Records maintained by the MPN operator, can identify a mobile device without knowing its number based on a very short sequence of time-stamped field observations of the user's connection.
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| 5. |
- Salas, Julián, et al.
(författare)
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Swapping trajectories with a sufficient sanitizer
- 2020
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Ingår i: Pattern Recognition Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0167-8655 .- 1872-7344. ; 131, s. 474-480
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Real-time mobility data is useful for several applications such as planning transports in metropolitan areas or localizing services in towns. However, if such data is collected without any privacy protection it may reveal sensible locations and pose safety risks to an individual associated to it. Thus, mobility data must be anonymized preferably at the time of collection. In this paper, we consider the SwapMob algorithm that mitigates privacy risks by swapping partial trajectories. We formalize the concept of sufficient sanitizer and show that the SwapMob algorithm is a sufficient sanitizer for various statistical decision problems. That is, it preserves the aggregate information of the spatial database in the form of sufficient statistics and also provides privacy to the individuals. This may be used for personalized assistants taking advantage of users’ locations, so they can ensure user privacy while providing accurate response to the user requirements. We measure the privacy provided by SwapMob as the Adversary Information Gain, which measures the capability of an adversary to leverage his knowledge of exact data points to infer a larger segment of the sanitized trajectory. We test the utility of the data obtained after applying SwapMob sanitization in terms of Origin-Destination matrices, a fundamental tool in transportation modelling.
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| 6. |
- Shuttleworth, Ian, et al.
(författare)
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Did Liberal Lockdown Policies Change Spatial Behaviour in Sweden? Mapping Daily Mobilities in Stockholm Using Mobile Phone Data During COVID-19
- 2024
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Ingår i: Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy. - : Springer Nature. - 1874-463X .- 1874-4621. ; 17:1, s. 345-369
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden had the most liberal lockdown policies in Europe during the Covid-19 pandemic. Relying on individual responsibility and behavioural nudges, their effectiveness was questioned from the perspective of others who responded with legal restrictions on behaviour. In this study, using mobile phone data, we therefore examine daily spatial mobilities in Stockholm to understand how they changed during the pandemic from their pre-pandemic baseline given this background. The analysis demonstrates: that mobilities did indeed change but with some variations according to (a) the residential social composition of places and (b) their locations within the city; that the changes were long lasting; and that the average fall in spatial mobility across the whole was not caused by everybody moving less but instead by more people joining the group of those who stayed close to home. It showed, furthermore, that there were seasonal differences in spatial behaviour as well as those associated with major religious or national festivals. The analysis indicates the value of mobile phone data for spatially fine-grained mobility research but also shows its weaknesses, namely the lack of personal information on important covariates such as age, gender, and education.
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| 7. |
- Shuttleworth, Ian, et al.
(författare)
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The Geography of Daily Urban Spatial Mobility During COVID : The Example of Stockholm in 2020 and 2021
- 2023
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Ingår i: Pandemic and the City. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031219825 - 9783031219856 - 9783031219832 ; , s. 261-278
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter uses mobile phone data to assess daily spatial mobility in the Stockholm urban area during the Covid pandemic in 2020 and 2021 using a benchmark of equivalent pre-Covid comparator dates in 2019 and early 2020 to measure the difference. Stockholm is of interest because Sweden did not adopt the same legalistic restrictions as many other European states, relying more on persuasion, nudges, and individual choice, and so there are questions about whether and how far its urban population changed its behaviour. The chapter asks whether there was a reduction in spatial mobility, whether it was long lasting, if it reduced spatial interaction and, if so, where. The answers it gives are that there was indeed a marked fall in daily spatial mobility, that it lasted throughout the period from March 2020 to Easter 2021 covered by the phone data, and that spatial interaction between places in the city fell, particularly in the city centre where they were formerly the greatest. It also finds that people were more mobile during the Easter Holidays than on normal weekdays and that the mean fall in spatial mobility was caused not by all phones staying closer to home but by an increased proportion falling into the group of non- or short-distance movers whilst a smaller group maintained their pre-pandemic mobility. It concludes that the Swedish policy approach reduced spatial mobility in Stockholm.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Toger, Marina, Dr., et al.
(författare)
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Inequality in leisure mobility : An analysis of activity space segregation spectra in the Stockholm conurbation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. - : Elsevier. - 0966-6923 .- 1873-1236. ; 111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leisure mobility forms an important part of people's spatial activity and mobility spectrum. This study aims to analyse the inequality dimensions of spatial mobility of individuals who seek to move to recreational and leisure destinations (often 'green' and 'blue') on designated days. The study traces - through the use of spatially dependent multilevel models - the mobility patterns of people from the greater Stockholm area, using individual pseudonymised mobile phone data and other publicly accessible data. We find significant socio-demographic inequalities in the observed residents' spatial leisure choices, where less affluent groups display especially low variation in mobility when comparing between weekdays, weekends, vacation season and work-periods.
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| 10. |
- Toger, Marina, Dr., et al.
(författare)
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Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic : A Data-Driven Time-Geographic Analysis of Health-Induced Mobility Changes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 13:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the spatial mobility of a major part of the population in many countries. For most people, this was an extremely disruptive shock, resulting in loss of income, social contact and quality of life. However, forced to reduce human physical interaction, most businesses, individuals and households developed new action lines and routines, and were gradually learning to adapt to the new reality. Some of these changes might result in long-term changes in opportunity structures and in spatial preferences for working, employment or residential location choice, and for mobility behavior. In this paper we aim to extend the time-geographic approach to analyzing people’s spatial activities, by focusing on health-related geographical mobility patterns during the pandemic in Sweden. Starting from a micro-approach at individual level and then looking at an aggregate urban scale, we examine the space-time geography during the coronavirus pandemic, using Hägerstrand’s time-geography model. We utilize a massive but (location-wise) fuzzy dataset to analyze aggregate spatiotemporal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic using a contemporary time-geographical approach. First, we address micro-level behavior in time-space to understand the mechanisms of change and to illustrate that a temporal drastic change in human mobility seems to be plausible. Then we analyze the changes in individuals’ mobility by analyzing their activity spaces in aggregate using mobile phone network data records. Clearly, it is too early for predicting long-term spatial changes, but a clear heterogeneity in spatial behavior can already be detected. It seems plausible that the corona pandemic may have long-lasting effects on employment centers, city roles and spatial mobility patterns.
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