| 2. |
- Knaapila, Matti, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of side chain length on the self-assembly of hairy-rod poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s in the poor solvent methylcyclohexane
- 2007
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Ingår i: Macromolecules. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0024-9297 .- 1520-5835. ; 40:26, s. 9398-9405
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the phase behavior of poly(9,9-dihexylfluorene) (PF6), poly(9,9-diheptylfluorene) (PF7), poly(9,9-diocylfluorene) (PF8) poly(9,9-dinonylfluorene) (PF9), and poly(9,9-didecylfluorene) (PF10) in methylcyclohexane (MCH). After a heating-cooling cycle, in the 10-50 mg/mL. concentration range. PF6/ MCH. PF7/MCH. PF8/MCH, and PF9/MCH systems were found to be gel-like, while PF10/MCH appears less viscous. PF6/MCH, PF7/MCH, PF8/MCH, and PF9/MCH form large (10- 100 nm) sheetlike assemblies (thickness of 2-3 nm). The larger length scale Structures of these sheets show an odd-even dependence on the side chain (spacer) length: the PF6 and PF8 sheets are broader and thinner, whereas PF7 and PF9 sheets are thicker with a Putative double layer Structure. PF10 does not follow this sequence, and only part of the polymer is assembled into a sheetlike structure the rest remaining dissolved at the molecular level. PF8/MCH and PF9/MCH mixtures also have lower length scale crystalline structures with an internal period corresponding to the periodicity observed in the solid-state P phase of PF8. Vestiges of crystalline domains are found for PF6 and PF7 but not for PF10. PF7/MCH. PF8/MCH, and PF9/MCH systems contain the conformational isomer C, of those chains observed in the ss phase, while this is not observed with other polymer/MCH systems.
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| 3. |
- Torkkeli, L., et al.
(författare)
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Always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres? : comparative discourse analysis of the perception of international entrepreneurship during pandemic
- 2021
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Ingår i: Empirical International Entrepreneurship. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 9783030689728 ; , s. 199-215
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past three decades, the domain of international entrepreneurship (IE) has matured and developed into a field of study. However, there are still areas where both thematically and especially methodologically the field would benefit from more pluralistic approaches. Especially comparative IE studies have been suggested in review studies to provide substantial promise for added contribution to the field, and novel methodological choices based on content analysis and secondary data have been called for in IE research. This study aims to respond to those omissions in the IE domain, by conducting a comparative study of Finnish and Russian international entrepreneurship through a discourse analysis supported by primary data in the form of interviews of Finnish and Russian entrepreneurs. The COVID-19 pandemic arriving globally in the first half of 2020 provides a timely topic in which to conduct such a study. As a result, we analyse the discourse in Finnish and Russian media about entrepreneurship before (2019) and during (2020) the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions in each country. We find both similarities and differences in the tone and level of the discussion, and surprisingly the interviewed entrepreneurs are rather critical of the media discussion related to entrepreneurship in the time of the pandemic in their respective countries. We consider the theoretical and methodological implications arising from these results and suggest that the IE field would benefit from the added methodological richness that content analysis and discursive research methods can provide.
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