| 1. |
- Carvalho, Ines, et al.
(författare)
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Agency, structures and women managers views of their careers in tourism
- 2018
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Ingår i: Women's Studies. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0277-5395 .- 1879-243X. ; 71
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tourism is an important employer for women in many countries. However, despite this seeming women friendliness, women are still underrepresented at the top of tourism businesses. Previous research on women managers careers in tourism has neglected the analysis of their careers in the light of new career concepts, such as the boundaryless career. Hence, in-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with twenty-four female senior managers in Portuguese hotels and travel businesses, including entrepreneurs across a wide range of business sizes. The aim was to analyse these womens perspectives on how they have reached the top. It is concluded that women regard their careers as an outcome of their inherent characteristics, agency and a desire to seize challenges that lead to intrinsic satisfaction. They downplay the role of both structural enablers and structural barriers. This article analyses these issues from a boundaryless career model perspective and with a gender lens.
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| 2. |
- Carvalho, Ines, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond the glass ceiling: Gendering tourism management
- 2019
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Ingår i: Annals of Tourism Research. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0160-7383 .- 1873-7722. ; 75, s. 79-91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article considers how Ackers (1990, 2012) framework of gendering processes can be a tool for the analysis of women managers careers in tourism organisations. Twenty-four women toplevel managers in hotels and travel businesses were interviewed. The analysis of gendering processes in the organisations where these women work revealed that hidden discrimination is more pervasive than overt discrimination. Three main gender subtexts underlie these gendering processes: the notion of the ideal unencumbered worker and assumptions of womens greater family-orientation; the expectation that women are less competent than men; and male homosocial ties and exclusionary practices. It is concluded that Ackers framework can be a good tool for de-legitimising subtle and normalised forms of discrimination in tourism organisations.
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| 3. |
- Carvalho, Ines, et al.
(författare)
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What Could be Done? Tourism, Gender (In)Equality and Women Managers Views of What Should Change
- 2018
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GENDER RESEARCH (ICGR 2018). - : ACAD CONFERENCES LTD. - 9781911218784 ; , s. 80-88
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this article is to analyse female top managers suggestions of what could be done towards gender equality at three different levels (state, organisational and individual), so that more women reach the top of tourism organisations. Looking at the state and organisational measures proposed by the interviewees, it seems that they regard lack of time and lack of childcare solutions as the main problem behind womens representation at the top. Interviewees place the problem of the provision of childcare in the states hands, and the problem of lack of flexibility in the organisations hands. However, when analysing the individual strategies proposed by these women, these clearly target a completely different issue, namely the prejudice against women in organisations. Interviewees emphasise individual strategies the most, since they believe that the solution to achieve equality lies in the hands of women, while other participants believe that equality will be achieved naturally The individual strategies proposed by women can be grouped under the following main themes: hard work, competence and meritocracy; showing skills and availability; confrontation strategies and assertiveness; protection of family and personal lives from excessive work demands; strategies for fitting in; doing what one likes; investment in education; and family planning. Their answers can be interpreted in light of how challenging they are in terms of disturbing the gender order. While some of these strategies align with the status quo and leave gendered structures unchallenged, others confront gendered structures and the prevailing gender order.
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| 4. |
- Carvalho, Ines, et al.
(författare)
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Women at the Top of Tourism Organizations : Views from the glass roof
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1533-2845 .- 1533-2853. ; , s. 1-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tourism is a predominantly female economic activity. However, it is still men who prevail at the top. Studies on women as managers usually focus on the ‘glass ceiling’, i.e. the invisible barriers that hamper qualified women from reaching high-level positions. Hence, by leaving women who are ‘above the glass ceiling’ unanalyzed, it is implicitly assumed by researchers that these women are in a position where gender is no longer an issue. To counteract this tendency, this exploratory study focuses on women top-level managers in tourism organizations. It aims to analyze how these women perceive the influence of gendering processes and gender power relations on their own careers and on women’s careers in general in the field. It uses a feminist and qualitative methodological approach. The interviewees acknowledge how gender power relations and persisting gendering processes still affect them, even if they have reached a top position. It is concluded that there are lingering gender issues ‘above the glass ceiling’, and not only on the way to the top. Reaching a top-level management position does not remove genderedness from women’s professional lives.
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| 5. |
- Lykke, Nina, 1949-, et al.
(författare)
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An Analysis of Gendered Employment in the Portuguese Tourism Sector
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1533-2845 .- 1533-2853. ; 13:4, s. 405-429
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tourism is crucial for the Portuguese economy. But what are the numbers behind tourism employment in Portugal? This article analyzes employment in two tourism characteristic activities, namely accommodation services and travel agencies and tour operators. A matched employer-employee data set is used. Despite having higher levels of education, women are more prevalent in low qualified jobs, while men are more likely to hold executive and management positions. Moreover, women's pay is consistently lower. It is also concluded that the accommodation sector and the travel sector have very distinct characteristics. It is suggested that future studies analyze the sectors in a disaggregated way.
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