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- Arthursson, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Cerebral oxygenation and autoregulation during rewarming on cardiopulmonary bypass
- 2023
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Ingår i: Perfusion. - : Sage Publications. - 0267-6591 .- 1477-111X. ; 38:3, s. 523-529
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Rewarming on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with increased metabolic demands; however, it remains unclear whether cerebral autoregulation is affected during this phase. This RCT aims to describe the effects of 20% supranormal, compared to normal CPB flow, on monitoring signs of inadequate perfusion, oxygenation, and disturbed cerebral autoregulation, during the rewarming phase of CPB. Method Thirty two patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting were allocated to a Control group (n = 16) receiving a CPB pump flow corresponding to preoperatively measured cardiac output, and an Intervention group (n = 16) receiving the corresponding CPB pump flow increased by 20% during rewarming. Cerebral Oximetry Index (COx) was calculated with the aid of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Results Twenty five patients were included in the data. Results show a median COx value of 0.0 (IQR -0.33-0.5) (Control) and 0.0 (IQR -0.15-0.25) (Intervention), respectively; p = .85 with individual variations within groups. The median cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was 55 (52-58) (Control) and 61 (54-66) mmHg (Intervention); p = .08. No significant difference in rSO2 values was observed between the groups (58.5% (50-61) versus 64% (58-68); p = .06). Conclusion The present study showed no difference between increased and normal CPB pump flow with respect to cerebral autoregulation during rewarming. Large variations in cerebral autoregulation were seen at individual level.
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| 2. |
- Lindblom, Rickard, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanical Reperfusion Following Prolonged Global Cerebral Ischemia Attenuates Brain Injury
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1937-5387 .- 1937-5395. ; 14:2, s. 338-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous experiments demonstrated improved outcome following prolonged cerebral ischemia given controlled brain reperfusion using extracorporeal circulation. The current study further investigates this. Young adult pigs were exposed to 30 min of global normothermic cerebral ischemia, achieved through intrathoracic clamping of cerebral arteries, followed by 20 min of isolated mechanical brain reperfusion. Leukocyte-filtered blood was delivered by a roller-pump at fixed pressure and flow. One experimental group additionally had a custom-made buffer solution delivered at 1:8 ratio with the blood. Hemodynamics including intracranial pressure were monitored. Blood gases were from peripheral arteries and the sagittal sinus, and intraparenchymal brain microdialysis was performed. The brains were examined by a neuropathologist. The group with the added buffer showed lower intracranial pressure as well as decreased intraparenchymal glycerol and less signs of excitotoxicity and ischemia, although histology revealed similar degrees of injury. A customized mechanical reperfusion improves multiple parameters after prolonged normothermic global cerebral ischemia. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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| 3. |
- Lindblom, Rickard P F, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanical reperfusion with leucocyte-filtered blood does not prevent injury following global cerebral ischaemia
- 2017
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1010-7940 .- 1873-734X. ; 51:4, s. 773-781
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Prolonged global cerebral ischaemia leads to irreversible injury, often with lethal outcome. Brain injuries are partly caused by the uncontrolled reperfusion that occurs once the circulation is re-established. Recent animal experiments suggest that controlled reperfusion following lengthy ischaemia might prevent severe brain injury. This study aimed at further exploring cerebral alterations and outcome following prolonged global cerebral ischaemia and mechanically manipulated reperfusion.METHODS: Three groups of pigs were included; one sham operated (n = 3) and two that underwent 30-min global cerebral ischaemia. All vessels that supply the brain were isolated intrathoracically, after which they were occluded for 30 min in the ischaemic groups. In one of the ischaemic groups uncontrolled reperfusion was applied (URep, n = 6), i.e. normal circulation was restored 30 min after arrested cerebral circulation. The second ischaemic group received mechanical reperfusion (MRep, n = 6) with leucocyte-filtered blood at constant flow and pressure for 20 min using extracorporeal circulation following the 30-min ischaemia, after which normal blood flow resumed. All animals were monitored for 3 h after start of uncontrolled reperfusion. Haemodynamic parameters, arterial and sagittal sinus blood gases, cerebral oxygen extraction rates and intraparenchymal biomarkers using microdialysis were measured. Brain histology was performed post-mortem.RESULTS: Global brain ischaemia led to the same extent of severe morphological changes at the level of light microscopy in the two ischaemic experimental groups, regardless of reperfusion protocol. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between the URep and MRep groups regarding cerebral blood gases or microdialysis biomarkers.CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical reperfusion following the current protocol does not modify brain alterations caused by 30 min of arrested cerebral circulation.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Tovedal, Thomas, 1955-
(författare)
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Cerebral Perfusion during Cardiopulmonary Bypass
- 2013
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Impaired superior vena cava (SVC) cannula outflow during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a frequent issue, often manifested by only marginal changes in routine monitoring parameters. Nevertheless, significant impact on cerebral perfusion may result. When detected, remedial actions involve cannula repositioning, raising the operating table, increasing the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and adding vacuum-assisted venous drainage to the CPB system. Increased venous outflow enables increased arterial flow and thereby also increased MAP and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). Although representing a common clinical problem, controlled studies on SVC obstruction are few and the phenomenon has not been satisfactorily characterized. This licentiate thesis is based on two animal studies. The first (I) study describes the effects on cerebral perfusion and oxygen saturation by stepwise SVC cannula obstruction in increments of 25% until fully occluded. The second (II) study describes the effects on CPP and cerebral perfusion of two different strategies for dealing with restricted cerebral venous outflow. In Study I, ten pigs during 34 ºC CPB were examined. The animals were divided into two groups receiving either low CPB blood flow (LQ), or normal CPB blood flow (HQ). Cerebral perfusion and oxygen saturation were monitored by blood gases, near-infrared light spectroscopy (NIRS) of tissue oxygen saturation (TOI), and cerebral micro-dialysis. SVC obstruction caused increased CVP and deteriorated cerebral oxygen saturation parameters, but no metabolic effects were detectable at the group level by the micro-dialysis. However, four of ten animals showed a combined pattern of decreased TOI and SVC oxygen saturation along with increased lactate/pyruvate ratio. The phenomenon appeared in both groups and in connection with both obstruction and release of obstruction, indicating the presence of individual sensitivity to impaired cerebral perfusion. CPB tubing flow measurements revealed that the total venous drainage was preserved even with the SVC completely clamped, indicating that the drainage, but not the CVP elevation, could be fully compensated by the inferior vena cava. In Study II, intracranial pressure monitoring, NIRS, and cerebral laser-Doppler flow measurements were used for surveillance along with blood gases and analysis of the glial cellmarker S100ß in sagittal sinus blood. A SVC obstruction of 75% was applied in order to achieve a distinct CPP reduction in fourteen pigs subjected to 34 ºC CPB. Two randomly assigned strategies for restoration of the CPP were examined; vasopressor treatment (VP)and partial release of obstruction (PR) mimicking a successful repositioning of the SVC cannula. Both strategies successfully restored the CPP to baseline levels, without immediate signs of severe ischemia, although intracranial and central pressures remained elevated in the VP group throughout the experiments. The analysis of S100ß showed no signs of brain damage. In conclusion, SVC congestion may impair cerebral perfusion during CPB. Reduced SVC cannula flow may pass undetected during bi-caval CPB due to a compensatory increase in IVC flow. Experimental SVC obstruction during CPB may reduce the CPP, resulting in impaired cerebral perfusion. Both vasopressor therapy and improved venous drainage can in the short term individually restore the CPP during these circumstances.
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| 7. |
- Tovedal, Thomas, 1955-
(författare)
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Cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass with special reference to blood flow
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is an important method that enables open heart surgery. There is a risk of neurological complications, and efforts to minimize those include optimization of the cerebral perfusion during CPB. This thesis focuses on such optimization of flow conditions in case of obstructed venous drainage, carotid stenosis and during selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (SACP).In a pig model of impaired venous drainage from the superior vena cava (SVC), stepwise obstruction increased the central venous pressure (CVP) and caused impaired oxygenation. Cerebral micro-dialysis revealed ischemic responses in some but not all of the pigs.Further experiments, using the same model, aimed to restore cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) reduced by 75% superior venous obstruction. Both vasopressor treatment and increased venous drainage were effective in normalizing the CPP and improving the cerebral oxygenation. The intracranial pressure was elevated in the vasopressor group, but no signs of brain damage were observed.The arterial flow during CPB can be altered between pulsatile and non-pulsatile profiles. Switching between these modes was performed during CPB in 20 patients with or without carotid stenosis. The effects on cerebral oxygenation and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were examined. The MAP was significantly lowered by pulsatile flow, but the flow profile did not affect the cerebral oxygenation. No differences were seen between patients with or without carotid stenosis.SACP is used to ensure the cerebral perfusion during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA). The cerebral blood flow (CBF) was examined using positron-emission tomography (PET) technique in 8 pigs divided into HCA and HCA+SACP groups. The CBF was downregulated by 70% to 0.10 ml/cm3/min by 20°C hypothermia. A pump flow of 6 ml/kg/min preserved the CBF level without signs of cerebral desaturation. The fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake after re-warming to 37°C was similar after SACP compared with HCA alone.In conclusion, experimental SVC obstruction may impair the cerebral perfusion. Vasopressors can restore the CPP during SVC obstruction and improve cerebral oxygenation. In patients, pulsatile flow can lower the MAP in absence of effects on the cerebral oxygenation. During experimental HCA, SACP at 6 ml/kg/min can preserve the CBF at 0.10 ml/cm3/min.
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| 8. |
- Tovedal, Thomas, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental treatment of superior venous congestion during cardiopulmonary bypass
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1010-7940 .- 1873-734X. ; 44:3, s. E239-E244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES:Superior venous outflow obstruction affects cerebral perfusion negatively by reducing cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). We present a randomized study designed to compare two alternative strategies to preserve the CPP during superior vena cava (SVC) congestion and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).METHODS:Fourteen pigs on bi-caval CPB were subjected to 75% occlusion of the SVC flow. CPP was restored either by vasopressor treatment (VP, n = 7) or by partial relief (PR) of the congestion (n = 7). The cerebral effects of the interventions were studied for 60 min with intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, cerebral blood flow measurement, the near-infrared light spectroscopy tissue oxygen saturation index (StO2), arterial and venous blood gas analyses and serial measurements of the glial cell damage marker protein S100β.RESULTS:Both strategies restored the CPP to baseline levels and no signs of severe ischaemia were observed. In the PR group, the venous and ICPs were normalized in response to the intervention, while in the VP group those parameters remained elevated throughout the experiment. The haemoglobin oxygen saturation in the sagittal sinus (SsagO2) was increased by both VP and PR, while significant improvement in the StO2 was observed only in the PR group. The S100β concentrations were similar in the two groups.CONCLUSIONS:Experimental SVC obstruction during CPB may reduce the CPP, resulting in impaired cerebral perfusion. Both vasopressor treatment and improved venous drainage can, in the short term, individually restore the CPP during these circumstances.
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| 9. |
- Tovedal, Thomas, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Venous obstruction and cerebral perfusion during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass
- 2010
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Ingår i: Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1569-9293 .- 1569-9285. ; 11:5, s. 561-566
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To investigate the effects on cerebral perfusion by experimental venous congestion of the superior vena cava (SVC) during bicaval cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at 34 °C, pigs were subjected to SVC obstruction at levels of 75%, 50%, 25% and 0% of baseline SVC flow at two arterial flow levels (low, LQ, high, HQ). The cerebral perfusion was examined with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), cerebral microdialysis and blood gas analysis. SVC obstruction caused significant decreases in the NIRS tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and in SVC oxygen saturations (P<0.05, both groups), while the mixed venous saturation was decreased only in the LQ group. Sagittal sinus venous saturations were measured in the HQ group and found significantly reduced in response to venous congestion (P<0.05). No microdialysis changes were seen at the group level, however, individual ischemic patterns in terms of concomitant venous desaturation, decreased TOI and increased lactate/pyruvate occurred in both groups. The total venous drainage remained stabile throughout the experiment, indicating increased flow in the inferior vena cava cannula. The results indicate that SVC congestion may impair cerebral perfusion especially in the case of compromised arterial flow during CPB. Reduced SVC cannula flow may pass undetected during bicaval CPB, if SVC flow is not specifically monitored.
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