| 1. |
- Ahrens,, Lutz, et al.
(author)
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Screening av PFAS i grund- och ytvatten
- 2016
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Levels of 26 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in 502 water samples originat-ing from Swedish groundwater, surface water, sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents and landfill leachates. In drinking water source areas, the average Σ26PFAS concentration was 8.4 ng L-1. The national drinking water guideline value of 90 ng L-1 for Σ7PFASs was exceeded in 2% of these samples. In water not used for drinking water, Σ26PFASs average concentration was 142 ng L-1. PFOS concentra-tions exceeded the Annual Average Environmental Quality Standard (AA-EQS) of the EU Water Frame-work Directive in 42% of the surface water samples. Among the different water categories, the landfill leachates had the highest average concentration of Σ26PFAS with 487 ng L-1, followed by surface water (average 112 ng L-1), groundwater (49 ng L-1), STP effluents (35 ng L-1) and background screening lakes (3.4 ng L-1). The composition profile of the PFASs differed between the types of waters showing an even distribution of ΣPFCAs, ΣPFSAs and ΣPFAS precursors in groundwater, whereas in all other water categories, ΣPFCAs were dominant. As FOSA, PFNA, PFDA, and 6:2 FTSA were frequently detected in drinking water source areas (constituted 20%, 7.3%, 5.9%, and 4.4% of the Σ26PFASs, respectively), it is reasonable to consider the inclusion of these in the Swedish drinking water guideline.
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| 2. |
- Ahrens, Lutz, et al.
(author)
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Screening of PFASs in groundwater and surface water
- 2016
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging organic pollutants characterized by their persistency, and bioaccumulation and toxicity potential. In this study, 26 PFASs were screened in 502 water samples originating from Swedish groundwater, surface water, sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents and landfill leachates. The objectives were to establish baseline concentrations of PFASs in the aquatic environment, to screen for potential sources, and to compare PFAS concentrations with guideline values for estimation of potential effects on the ecosystem and human health. In drinking water source areas, the average ∑26PFAS concentration was 8.4 ng L-1 with a median value of 0.6 ng L-1 (n = 172). The drinking water guideline value of 90 ng L-1 for ∑7PFASs (PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS) established by the Swedish National Food Agency was exceeded in 4 samples (2% of the total number of samples in this category). In water not used for drinking water, ∑26PFASs concentrations were on average 142 ng L-1 (median 5.4 ng L-1). The high average PFAS concentrations can be explained by the fact that some samples showed extremely high PFAS concentrations with a maximum ∑26PFASs value of 12 900 ng L-1. In surface water, PFOS concentrations exceeded the annual average Environmental Quality Standard (AA-EQS) of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) in 42% of the samples. Among the different water categories, the landfill leachates had the highest average concentration of ∑26PFAS with 487 ng L-1 (median 435 ng L-1, n = 10), followed by surface water (average 112 ng L-1, median 4.1 ng L-1, n = 285), groundwater (average 49 ng L-1, median 0.4 ng L-1, n = 164), STP effluents (average 35 ng L-1, median 26 ng L-1; n = 13) and background screening lakes (remote lakes; average 3.4 ng L-1, median 1.4 ng L-1, n = 10). The composition profile of the PFASs differed between the types of waters showing an even distribution of ∑PFCAs, ∑PFSAs and ∑PFAS precursors in groundwater, whereas in all other water categories (surface water, background lakes, STP effluents and landfill leachates), ∑PFCAs were dominant. As FOSA, PFNA, PFDA, and 6:2 FTSA were frequently detected in drinking water source areas (constituted 20%, 7.3%, 5.9%, and 4.4% of the ∑26PFASs, respectively), it is reasonable to consider the inclusion of these in the Swedish drinking water guideline.
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| 3. |
- Allard, Erik, 1976-, et al.
(author)
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Quantitative aspects of analyzing small molecules - monitoring singly or doubly charged ions? : A case study of ximelagatran.
- 2010
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In: Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. - : Wiley. - 0951-4198 .- 1097-0231. ; 24:4, s. 429-435
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Precision, reproducibility and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) are important characteristics of a quantitative method. We have investigated these properties for Ximelagatran (Xi), which has a high tendency to form doubly charged ions in electrospray ionization (ESI), by studying the percentage of doubly charged species formed when varying the formic acid (FA) concentration, analyte concentration, amount of organic modifier and flow rate. It was found that the percentage of [Xi + 2H]2+ can be controlled to be more than 90% or less than 10% by varying the amount of FA present, and that the change between these values is dramatic. Furthermore, the percentage of [Xi + 2H]2+ formed decreases with increased analyte concentration and increased flow rate. No apparent relationship with the amount of organic modifier was found. The results have the implication that, by carefully controlling the selected parameters, the LLOQ, precision and reproducibility can be improved. We have compared the fragmentation of the singly and doubly charged species and concluded that the [Xi + 2H]2+ ion is more inclined to undergo fragmentation than [Xi + H]+. As a consequence, unusual instrumental settings had to be used for the experiments. The fragmentation patterns are to a great extent similar, but the doubly charged species is more inclined to generate low-mass product ions.
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| 4. |
- Boström, Gustaf, et al.
(author)
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Identifiering av metaboliter från växtskyddsmedel relevanta att analysera i svenska yt- och grundvatten
- 2024
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vid analyser inom den nationella miljöövervakningen av växtskyddsmedel (NMÖ) och annan miljöövervakning ingår vissa metaboliter från växtskyddsmedel. Kunskapen om vilka andra metaboliter som kan finnas i grund- och ytvatten i Sverige och som skulle kunna ha negativ effekt på miljön eller människors hälsa är bristfällig. Detta projekt syftar till att identifiera vilka metaboliter från växtskyddsmedel som kan vara relevanta att analysera i svenska yt- och grundvatten. En bedömning görs också av vilka som är praktiskt möjliga att inkludera i analyspaket för den nationella miljöövervakningen. Totalt 33 prover från Sverige analyserades för 67 metaboliter av laboratoriet DVGW Technology Centre for Water (TZW) i Karlsruhe, Tyskland. Totalt 22 metaboliter detekterades, 7 i grundvatten och 22 i ytvatten. Elva substanser förekom i halter över 0,1 μg/l i ytvatten och fyra av dessa över 0,1 μg/l även i grundvatten. Övriga underlag som användes för att identifiera relevanta metaboliter är: • Resultat från tidigare analyser av metaboliter i Sverige och Danmark • Underlag om relevans baserat på data från registreringsprocessen • Genomgång av lagstiftning och diskussion med berörda myndigheter Totalt har 38 metaboliter från växtskyddsmedel identifierats som relevanta att analysera i svenska yt- och grundvatten. Fyra av metaboliterna ingår redan i analyserna inom NMÖ, fyra kan inkluderas i NMÖ-analyserna från och med 2024 och en metabolit kan inkluderas i en ny metod för mycket polära ämnen som utvecklas med finansiering av Naturvårdsverket. De resterande kommer att testas efter prioritering i samråd med berörda myndigheter. Identifiering av relevanta metaboliter att inkludera i den nationella miljöövervakningen, och i analyser av yt- och grundvatten generellt, behöver vara en kontinuerlig process eftersom nya ämnen tillkommer på marknaden och kunskapen kring befintliga ämnen utvecklas. Att CKB får uppgifter från Kemikalieinspektionen två gånger per år säkerställer att detta fortsätter att uppmärksammas. Av ekonomiska skäl kan bara ett begränsat antal metaboliter inkluderas i den löpande nationella miljöövervakningen och en prioritering behöver därför göras. Denna prioritering bör göras i samråd med Naturvårdsverket och Kemikalieinspektionen och eventuellt andra berörda myndigheter.
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| 5. |
- Dürig, Wiebke, et al.
(author)
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Development of a suspect screening prioritization tool for organic compounds in water and biota
- 2019
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In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 222, s. 904-912
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A customizable in silico tool (SusTool) for generating high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) suspect screening lists, specifically designed for the detection of hazardous organic compounds in various environmental compartments, was created. A database consisting of similar to 32 000 environmentally relevant organic compounds was constructed, including data on their physicochemical properties, environmental fate characteristics, and endocrine disruption potential, along with emissions and quantity indices. Welldefined customized suspect lists were generated by systematic ranking using a scoring and weighting procedure. For demonstration purposes, three suspect screening lists were created, one for water (SLWater) and two for biota covering less (SLBiota Kow<5 ) or more hydrophobic chemicals (SLBiota Kow>3). Scrutiny of overlaps between compounds within these lists and the SusDat database (20 suspect lists comprising similar to 58 000 compounds compiled by the Norman network) showed that approximately half of the compounds in the three suspect lists were also listed in one of the SusDat database lists. This indicates that SusTool is able to include highly relevant emerging pollutants, but also captures other compounds of potential concern that have been less well studied or not yet investigated. Overall, our in silico prioritization approach enables systematic creation of suspect screening lists and provides new opportunities for suspect screening for environmentally relevant compounds.
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| 6. |
- Feckler, Alexander, et al.
(author)
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Blinded by the light: Increased chlorophyll fluorescence of herbicide-exposed periphyton masks unfavorable structural responses during exposure and recovery
- 2018
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In: Aquatic Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-445X .- 1879-1514. ; 203, s. 187-193
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In surface waters within agricultural catchments, periphyton - i.e., biofilms containing algae, heterotrophs, and associated detritus - is subjected to multiple stressors including herbicides. Although herbicide effects on periphyton are frequently studied, the focus has been on photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides while other modes of toxic action have received little attention. Against this background, a 21-days-lasting bioassay was conducted, during which mature periphytic communities were exposed to the carotenoid-biosynthesis-inhibiting herbicide diflufenican for 12 days (up to 10 mu g/L; n = 4), followed by a 9-days-lasting recovery phase in herbicide-free medium. Variables related to periphytic functioning (photosynthetic efficiency and non-photochemical quenching) and structure (pigment concentrations, biomass, and algal community structure) were quantified every third day during both experimental phases. Exposure to >= 0.2 mu g diflufenican/L resulted in 20-25% and 25-30% lowered carotenoid and chlorophyll a concentrations, respectively, likely explained by a reduced algal biovolume as well as diflufenican's mode of toxic action and thus a shift towards a higher heterotrophy of the communities. Despite these adverse effects on the photosynthetic apparatus, the photosynthetic efficiency increased by up to similar to 15% under diflufenican exposure judged on higher chlorophyll fluorescence. This may be explained by an up to similar to 60% reduced non-photochemical quenching as well as binding of diflufenican to the pigment-protein membrane complex of the photosystem II, two processes causing higher chlorophyll fluorescence. Additionally, phototrophs may have actively increased energy assimilation to cope with higher energy demands under chemical stress. Although periphyton showed some recovery potential following the exposure phase, observed as increasing chlorophyll a concentrations and non-photochemical quenching, periphyton may not be able to quickly recover from stress given the persistent increase in the photosynthetic efficiency. While the processes underlying the observed effects yet remain speculative, the results suggest a shift towards a higher degree of heterotrophy in periphytic communities ultimately increasing the importance of heterotrophic ecosystem functions at impacted sites over the long term.
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| 7. |
- Gobelius, Laura, et al.
(author)
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Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Swedish Groundwater and Surface Water: Implications for Environmental Quality Standards and Drinking Water Guidelines
- 2018
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In: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 52, s. 4340-4349
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to assess per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Swedish aquatic environment, identify emission sources, and compare measured concentrations with environmental quality standards (EQS) and (drinking) water guideline values. In total, 493 samples were analyzed in 2015 for 26 PFASs (Sigma(26)PFASs) in surface water, groundwater, landfill leachate, sewage treatment plant effluents and reference lakes, focusing on hot spots and drinking water sources. Highest Sigma(26)PFAS concentrations were detected in surface water (13 000 ng L-1) and groundwater (6400 ng L-1). The dominating fraction of PFASs in surface water were perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs; 64% of Sigma(26)PFASs), with high contributions from C-4-C-8 PFCAs (94% of Sigma PFCAs), indicating high mobility of shorter chain PFCAs. In inland surface water, the annual average (AA)-EQS of the EU Water Framework Directive of 0.65 ng L-1 for Sigma PFOS (linear and branched isomers) was exceeded in 46% of the samples. The drinking water guideline value of 90 ng L-1 for Sigma(11)PFASs recommended by the Swedish EPA was exceeded in 3% of the water samples from drinking water sources (n = 169). The branched isomers had a noticeable fraction in surface- and groundwater for perfluorooctanesulfonamide, perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanesulfonate, highlighting the need to include branched isomers in future guidelines.
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| 8. |
- Gyllenhammar, Irina, et al.
(author)
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Tidstrend 1996-2011: Bisfenol A (BPA) och andrafenolära ämnen i blod från förstföderskor i Uppsala
- 2011
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Under perioden 1996 till 2011 har Livsmedelsverket samlat in blodserum från förstföderskor i Uppsalalän. Ett av syftena med studierna är att undersöka hur halterna av vissa persistenta organiska miljögifter(POP) förändras med tiden. I denna rapport utvärderas blodserumnivåer för fem fenolära ämnen,bisfenol A (BPA), bisfenol S (BPS), bisfenol F (BPF), 4-nonylfenol (4-NP) och bensofenon-3 (BP-3).Den fria formen av ämnena analyserades med hjälp av UPLC-MS/MS.Resultaten tyder på att halterna av alla dessa ämnen är låga och ligger under kvantifieringsgränsen(LOQ = 0,1 ng/ml). Nivåer av fritt BPA som uppmättes i vissa prover kommer troligtvis frånkontamination under provhanteringens gång och inte från faktiska nivåer i blodet. Slutsatsen är atthalterna av fritt BPA, BPS, BPF, 4-NP och BP-3 har varit låga hos ammande kvinnor från Uppsalaregionenmellan åren 1996-2011. Studien antyder att det är tveksamt att använda biobankadeblodprover för analys av BPA-exponering i befolkningen, om inte provtagning och provhanteringgenomförts på ett sätt som gör att BPA-kontamination av proverna kan uteslutas.
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| 9. |
- Jonsson, Ove, et al.
(author)
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Utveckling av analysmetod för mycket polära bekämpningsmedel i vatten
- 2021
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vissa bekämpningsmedel och transformationsprodukter till bekämpningsmedel är för polära för att kunna hanteras med de ackrediterade analysmetoder som idag används inom den svenska miljöövervakningen. Syftet med detta projekt var att ta fram en ny analysmetod för denna typ av ämnen. Av de fem studerade ämnena var tre stycken tillväxtreglerare, klormekvatklorid, mepikvatklorid och daminozid, som används i växthusodling av prydnadsväxter och som stråförkortningsmedel i korn, vete, råg, rågvete, havre och raps. Övriga ämnen var herbiciden aminopyralid, samt cis-2,6-dimetylmorfolin som är en transformationsprodukt till fungiciden fenpropimorf.En ny extraktionsmetod, baserad på två olika jonbytarmaterial, har tagits fram och kombinerats med en ny vätskekromatografisk metod kopplad till masspektrometrisk detektion (LC-MS/MS). Metoden, benämnd OMK 64, utvärderades genom tillsatser till sparade ytvattenprover från miljöövervakningen och uppvisar acceptabel prestanda, främst för klormekvatklorid, cis-2,6-dimetylmorfolin, mepikvatklorid samt aminopyralid. Daminozid har både sämre extraktionseffektivitet och kromatografisk kvalité än övriga ämnen och det är tveksamt om detta ämne kommer kunna inkluderas i en validerad metod.Framtida mål är dels att, inom ramen för den fortsatta valideringen av OMK 64, genomföra en mindre screening på relevanta miljöövervakningsvatten provtagna under appliceringssäsongen, samt att försöka anpassa den nya metoden till att kunna inkluderas i analyspaketet för den tidsintegrerade TIMFIE- provtagaren som tidigare utvecklats av SLU Centrum för kemiska bekämpningsmedel i miljön, CKB.Tanken är också att andra ämnen som i framtiden prövas in i övriga analysmetoder, men som inte fungerar på grund av att det är för polära, även ska utvärderas i denna nya metod.
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| 10. |
- Lai, Foon Yin, et al.
(author)
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Impact of a megacity on the water quality of a tropical estuary assessed by a combination of chemical analysis and in-vitro bioassays
- 2023
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 877
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tropical estuaries are threatened by rapid urbanization, which leads to the spread of thousands of micropollutants and poses an environmental risk to such sensitive aqueous ecosystems. In the present study, a combination of chemical and bioanalytical water characterization was applied to investigate the impact of Ho Chi Minh megacity (HCMC, 9.2 mil-lion inhabitants in 2021) on the Saigon River and its estuary and provide a comprehensive water quality assessment. Water samples were collected along a 140-km stretch integrating the river-estuary continuum from upstream HCMC down to the estuary mouth in the East Sea. Additional water samples were collected at the mouth of the four main ca-nals of the city center. Chemical analysis was performed targeting up to 217 micropollutants (pharmaceuticals, plasti-cizers, PFASs, flame retardants, hormones, pesticides). Bioanalysis was performed using six in-vitro bioassays for hormone receptor-mediated effects, xenobiotic metabolism pathways and oxidative stress response, respectively, all accompanied by cytotoxicity measurement. A total of 120 micropollutants were detected and displayed high variabil-ity along the river continuum with total concentration ranging from 0.25 to 78 mu g L-1. Among them, 59 micropollutants were ubiquitous (detection frequency >= 80 %). An attenuation was observed in concentration and ef-fect proflles towards the estuary. The urban canals were identifled as major sources of micropollutants and bioactivity to the river, and one canal (BLATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTEn Nghe) exceeded the effect-based trigger values derived for estrogenicity and xenobiotic metabolism. Iceberg modelling apportioned the contribution of the quantifled and the unknown chemicals to the mea-sured effects. Diuron, metolachlor, chlorpyrifos, daidzein, genistein, climbazole, mebendazole and telmisartan were identified as main risk drivers of the oxidative stress response and xenobiotic metabolism pathway activation. Our study reinforced the need for improved wastewater management and deeper evaluations of the occurrence and fate of micropollutants in urbanized tropical estuarine environments.
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