| 1. |
- Kennedy, M. W., et al.
(författare)
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Pyrometallurgical Treatment of Apatite Concentrate with the Objective of Rare Earth Element Recovery : Part II
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. - : Springer. - 2199-3823 .- 2199-3831. ; 3:4, s. 846-857
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Apatite, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 F, is a useful raw material for the production of both elemental phosphorus and phosphoric acid, and the mine tailings present at Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB (LKAB) in Kiruna, Sweden, represent a significant potential European source of apatite if upgraded to a concentrate. In the present study, pilot apatite concentrate made from the LKAB tailings has been pyrometallurgically treated using carbon to extract phosphorus without fluxing at temperatures exceeding 1800 °C, with the ultimate objective of recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from the resulting slag/residue phases. Experimental behavior has been modeled using equilibrium thermodynamic predictions performed using HSC ® . A process is proposed, and mass–energy balance presented, for the simultaneous production of P 4 and CaC 2 (ultimately for acetylene, C 2 H 2 , and PVC production) from apatite, producing a lime residue significantly enriched in REEs. Possible implications to kiln-based processing of apatite are also discussed.
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| 2. |
- Sun, Tianming, et al.
(författare)
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Apatite concentrate, a potential new source of rare earth elements
- 2015
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Ingår i: TMS Annual Meeting. - Hoboken, NJ, USA : Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. ; , s. 145-156
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are critical for the production of many advanced materials and products. Mining and primary production of REEs are generally associated with significant environmental impacts. By recovery of REEs from secondary sources, through recycling or as a byproduct, the adverse environmental impacts may be partly avoided. In the present study apatite concentrate originating from iron ore beneficiation done by LKAB in Kiruna, Sweden, is explored as a possible source for REEs. The composition and distribution of the REEs within the concentrates are studied using ICP-MS, XRD and SEM-EDS/EPMA, as well as the melting point and heat of fusion using DTA-TGA-MS. The behavior of the material during melting has also been studied through wetting and slag saturation experiments. The overall aim of the study is to evaluate the implications for future smelting experiments aimed at concentration and recovery of the REEs.
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| 3. |
- Sun, Tianming, et al.
(författare)
-
Pyrometallurgical Treatment of Apatite Concentrate with the Objective of Rare Earth Element Extraction : Part I
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. - : Springer. - 2199-3823 .- 2199-3831. ; 3:4, s. 829-845
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Apatite, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 F, concentrate from LKAB in Kiruna, Sweden, has been characterized and pyrometallurgically treated using (i) silicon metal and fluxes to extract phosphorus and transition metals at 1600 °C (Part I publication), and (ii) carbon to extract phosphorus without fluxing at temperatures exceeding 1800 °C (Part II publication), with the ultimate objective to recover rare earth elements from the resulting slag/residue phases. A variety of methods (SEM/EDS, EPMA, DTA-TGA, Sessile drop, ICP-MS/OES, and XRD) have been used for the characterization and analysis of both the concentrate and reaction products. Elemental deportment, except for the rare earth metals, is broadly in line with the equilibrium thermodynamic predictions performed using HSC Chemistry ® . Phase diagrams were predicted using FactSage ® and a custom phosphate database to explain the observed melting/fluxing behaviors.
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