| 1. |
- Lind, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- 2021
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Ingår i: eLife. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions.
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| 2. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Trinh, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Fossilfri Flygräddning 2045
- 2022
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Målet om netto-noll klimatpåverkan 2045 har gjort det angeläget även för flygsektorn att minska sina utsläpp av växthusgaser. Detta innebär en utmaning för samhällsviktigt flyg, vars verksamhet måste genomföras oberoende av klimatmål.Ökad användning av hållbara flygbränslen (sustainable aviation fuels, SAF) är ett sätt att uppnå klimatmålet utan att äventyra verksamheten i denna del av luftfarten. På grund av den höga efterfrågan på SAF är dock tillgången och möjligheten att försörja luftfartssektorn i Sverige samt deras miljöpåverkan i förhållande till klimatmålet fortfarande något osäkra.Syftet med denna rapport är därför att öka förståelsen för dessa frågor, först genom att undersöka tillgången på inhemska råvaror och beräkna produktionspotentialen för SAF i Sverige, därefter genom att bygga scenarier för framtida efterfrågan på SAF utifrån reduktionsplikten. Klimatpåverkan hos inhemsk producerad SAF jämfördes även med importerad SAF i en livcykelanalys. Utifrån de produktionsmetoder som kartlagts inom projektet uppvisade restprodukter från skogen störst potential för flygbränsleproduktion. Möjligheten att producera flybränsle av infångad koldioxid och elektrolysbaserad vätgas hade en lägre potential, men den minsta produktionspotentialen från inhemsk råvara bestod av restoljor av biologiskt ursprung.Storleken på intervallen genom vilka potentialen presenterades påverkades dock kraftigt av vilket processutbyte som antogs. Scenarioanalysen visade i sin tur på att framtiden för hållbart flygbränsle bland annat kommer att bero på bränslepriser, reduktionspliktens utveckling och av vilken inblandningsgrad som tillåts.Livscykelanalysen belyste den ökade klimatpåverkan som orsakas av långväga transport av SAF och att utsläppsminskningen blir lägre vid byte till importerat flygbränsle gjord av restoljor av biologiskt ursprung jämfört med inhemskt producerat bränsle av vätgas och infångad koldioxid.Slutligen diskuterades den osäkra framtiden för produktion och användning av hållbart flygbränsle, där bland andra frågan om skogsbrukets hållbarhetsklassning, den eventuella revideringen av reduktionsplikten och inte minst utvecklingen av elektrifierade alternativ påverkar möjligheten för samhällsviktigt flyg att ställa om sin verksamhet.
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| 5. |
- Trinh, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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What Are the Policy Impacts on Renewable Jet Fuel in Sweden?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 14:21, s. 7194-7194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aviation industry contributes to more than 2% of global human-induced CO2-emissions, and it is expected to increase to 3% by 2050 as demand for aviation grows. As the industry is still dependent on conventional jet fuel, an essential component for a carbon-neutral growth is low-carbon, sustainable aviation fuels, for example alternative drop-in fuels with biobased components. An optimization model was developed for the case of Sweden to examine the impacts of carbon price, blending mandates and penalty fee (for not reaching the blending mandate) on the production of renewable jet fuel (RJF). The model included biomass gasification-based Fischer–Tropsch (FT) jet fuel, Power-to-Liquid (PTL) jet fuel through the FT route and Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL)-based jet fuel. Thus, this study aims at answering how combining different policies for the aviation sector can support the production of RJF in Sweden while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The results demonstrate the importance of implementing policy instruments to promote the production of RJF in Sweden. The blending mandate is an effective policy to both promote RJF production while reducing emissions. The current level of the penalty fee is not sufficient to support the fuel switch to RJF. A higher blending mandate and carbon price will accelerate the transition towards renewable and sustainable fuels for the aviation industry.
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| 6. |
- Zaidi, Syed H., et al.
(författare)
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Landscape of somatic single nucleotide variants and indels in colorectal cancer and impact on survival
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2041-1723. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a biologically heterogeneous disease. To characterize its mutational profile, we conduct targeted sequencing of 205 genes for 2,105 CRC cases with survival data. Our data shows several findings in addition to enhancing the existing knowledge of CRC. We identify PRKCI, SPZ1, MUTYH, MAP2K4, FETUB, and TGFBR2 as additional genes significantly mutated in CRC. We find that among hypermutated tumors, an increased mutation burden is associated with improved CRC-specific survival (HR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.21-0.82). Mutations in TP53 are associated with poorer CRC-specific survival, which is most pronounced in cases carrying TP53 mutations with predicted 0% transcriptional activity (HR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.21-1.94). Furthermore, we observe differences in mutational frequency of several genes and pathways by tumor location, stage, and sex. Overall, this large study provides deep insights into somatic mutations in CRC, and their potential relationships with survival and tumor features. Large scale sequencing study is of paramount importance to unravel the heterogeneity of colorectal cancer. Here, the authors sequenced 205 cancer genes in more than 2000 tumours and identified additional mutated driver genes, determined that mutational burden and specific mutations in TP53 are associated with survival odds.
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