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- Berndt, Josefine, 1989-
(författare)
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Polisfrågan i svensk politik : Reformer och institutionell förändring 1875-1965
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates changes in the institutional structures of the Swedish police from the late nineteenth century to the post-war era. State-appointed investigative commissions and parliamentary debates about police reforms are analysed in order to establish the long-term political goals of policing. Until the nationalisation of the entire police system in 1965, the Swedish police consisted of three main institutions: municipal city police, municipal rural police, and regional state police forces. Conceptually, the divide lay mainly between urban and rural policing.In the cities, poor working conditions brought the idea of a unifying Police Act to the fore, and Parliament decided on national regulations in 1925. In the countryside, the main issue was with policing itself. Local authorities did not have enough resources to adequately maintain order and investigate crimes. This was addressed by a number of reforms attempting to solve the problem by issuing state subsidiaries, diverting resources from nearby cities, and adding new police forces to the countryside.Policing was defined as a state interest by most politicians from left to right, and from an early-stage nationalisation of the different police forces was established as a long-term political goal. Conceptually, the differences between cities and the countryside decreased over time, making the idea of a single national police institution more and more attractive. Conflicting ideas about the short-term solutions to problems in urban and rural districts, however, affected Parliament’s ability to implement reform, making it increasingly difficult to merge the three police institutions and to take the necessary steps towards nationalisation. This can be explained through historical institutionalism and the lock-in effects of path dependence. The institutional structures of the city police, rural police, and regional police made cooperation unfavourable. New police reforms sought ways to facilitate cooperation or consolidation but, in the end, politicians conformed to the existing institutions by further accepting, and even enhancing, the differences between urban and rural policing. This was contradictory to the main political idea behind nationalisation: to create a uniform and more flexible police system. Nationalisation could only be achieved after the institutional structures had been torn down. The main steps had been taken in the 1940s as major changes in Sweden’s administrative system took place, altering the trajectory of police reform. At the same time policing had gone through the aforementioned crucial conceptual changes, easing the transition to a single organisation. Thus, the police changed from three separate institutions to a single national police institution. The process was slow and gradual, taking almost a century to achieve.
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| 2. |
- Bogatic, Wirginia, 1969-
(författare)
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Exilens dilemma: att stanna eller att återvända : Beslut i Sverige av polska kvinnor som överlevde KZ-lägret Ravensbrück och räddades till Sverige 1945-1947
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is about the intersection of great narratives and individual decisions. In the intersection, the dilemma of exile is discussed: to remain in exile or return to one’s homeland. The decision to remain or return was made by the surviving Polish female concentration camp prisoners that were brought back to Sweden in 1945 with the Red Cross rescue operation.The women’s decisions have been contextualized by being placed against the political, social and economic upheavals that took place primarily in Poland, but also partly in Sweden, as well as in the international environment with which the new Poland had to form a relationship following the Second World War.The thesis moves between three levels: the micro level, comprising the individuals, their choices and experiences; the macro level, including the surrounding social, economic and political structures; the meso level, which merges the individual, her network and the state. The theoretical framework is on the one hand based on Reinhart Koselleck’s concepts of “realm of experience” and “expectations” that structure the time horizon and refer to the universal, and on the other hand, the sociological concept of generations and Svante Lundberg's model of exile with the concepts of Circumstance, Frame and Meaning. Both Koselleck and Lundberg focus on the individual / group and structural context. Sources used have been material from the Swedish Government and the two Polish governments and their agencies. In addition, a number of Polish and Swedish newspapers published during the period 1945-1947 as well as material from the Polish Source Institute in Lund (PIZ) have been studied. Thirteen in-depth interviews with the surviving women (both in Poland and Sweden) have been carried out, resulting in so-called life stories, with the objective of providing an answer to the question of why some of them remained in Sweden after the war while others returned to Poland. In the women's life stories, some themes can be distinguished: the common realm of experience, being adherent to the same sociological generation with a manifest collective memory (which in part developed differently depending on their decisions to remain or return), a link between war and captivity and expectations for the future. Otherwise, the life stories highlight the women's construction of identity, which is affected by growing up in the between-war Poland, the time during World War II and the occupation. It also reveals that these experiences influenced their decision: remaining and returning.
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