| 1. |
- Brunnström, Pål, Doktor, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Migration and housing regimes in Sweden 1739–1982
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of History. - : Routledge. - 0346-8755 .- 1502-7716. ; 46:3, s. 353-382
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article aims to analyse the changes in migration regimes in Sweden over the period 1739–1982. We have chosen to divide this into four periods where each is characterized as a specific regime: the pre-industrial period (1739–1860), the laissez faire period (1860–1932), the rising ambitions period (1932–1951) and the Rehn-Meidner period (1951–1982). These four periods reveal different approaches held by the state regarding labour migration and housing. During the pre-industrial period, rules and regulations hindered mobility and aimed to keep the labour force in agriculture. During the laissez faire period, migration increased, but construction and housing was largely left to the market. During the rising ambitions period, a laissez faire approach was maintained towards migration, but both the government and non-profit organizations became increasingly involved in housing. During the Rehn-Meidner period, internal migration was stimulated, and in the course of ten years, one million homes were built with government support. The differences between the periods are not clear-cut. There were dual and contradictory ideas and policies during each period. This duality provides an important theoretical starting point for this study. Other significant starting points are the long-term perspective taken and the idea that these periods can be analysed as regimes.
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| 2. |
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Tema: Klass i Sverige 1500-1900
- 2020
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Ingår i: Arbetarhistoria: Meddelanden från arbetarrörelsens arkiv och bibliotek. - 0281-7446. ; :173-174, s. 42-100
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Uppenberg, Carolina, 1982-
(författare)
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Contracted Coercion : Land, Labour and Gender in the Swedish Crofter Institution
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of History. - 0346-8755 .- 1502-7716. ; 48:5, s. 593-614
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the early modern rural setting, labour was organized with varying degrees of coercion depending on landowning, social standing, and gender. This article analyses the crofter institution, characterized by corvée labour (obligatory work as payment), from the perspective of gender and coercion. The purpose is to answer the question of how the crofter institution was created, shaped, enabled and questioned. The right to establish a croft made the position as head of household available for men but it also increased social stratification. While crofters were masters of their households in contract signing, their position was ambiguous when it came to the organization of labour. Regarding physical integrity, crofters could be forced by physical violence and were subject to rules not connected to work, such as subservience. I argue that this was made acceptable through marriage and allowing the position as head of household to landless men. Crofters held an intermediate position, caught between the market logic of leasehold of land and the coercive logic of labour extraction, and this continued to colour the crofter institution until its final dissolution in 1943.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Uppenberg, Carolina
(författare)
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Drängar och pigor. Om det agrara hushållets relationer
- 2020
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Ingår i: Arbetarhistoria: Meddelanden från arbetarrörelsens arkiv och bibliotek. - 0281-7446. ; :173-174 (2020:1-2), s. 84-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 6. |
- Uppenberg, Carolina, 1982
(författare)
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Female Workers but not Women: Paradoxes in Women’s Conditions and Strategies in Swedish Trade Unions, 1900–1925
- 2012
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Ingår i: Moving the Social. Journal of social history and the history of social movements. - 2197-0386 .- 2197-0394. ; 48, s. 49-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This article compares the opportunities that existed for trade union organisation by women and the scope for pursuing women’s issues in the Swedish Tailoring Workers’ Union (Skrädderiarbetareförbundet), the Swedish Textile Workers’ Union (Textilarbetareförbundet) and the Swedish Women’s Trade Union (Kvinnornas fackförbund). Trade union minutes are analysed using theories on women’s organisation, in which exposure of male standards in trade union organisation and the concept of women as powerless are central. The results reveal some differences in the opportunities for women to become members of the Tailoring Workers’ Union, which initially tried to exclude women, and the Textile Workers’ Union, which saw it as a priority to recruit more women. Nevertheless, both unions shared a similar view of women as weak and especially difficult to organise as trade union members. A lack of debate about women’s conditions is also clear in both unions. Comparison with the Women’s Trade Union shows that dedicated organisations for women played a major role in women’s opportunities for union involvement, but that gender-based union organisation was regarded as a threat to the supposedly genderless trade unions.
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| 7. |
- Uppenberg, Carolina, 1982
(författare)
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I husbondens bröd och arbete. Kön, makt och kontrakt i det svenska tjänstefolkssystemet 1730-1860 : Servants and masters. Gender, contract, and power relations in the servant institution in Sweden, 1730-1860
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis is to analyze the power relations of labour and gender in the servant institution during the agrarian revolution in Sweden. The positions of servant, master and mistress are analyzed theoretically as a gendered, contracted position with both economic and moral dimensions attached to them. The analysis is applied together with a theory on bases of power, which are those areas where pretentions to power come in to force through material conditions; in this study being masculinity and access to land. The sources used are the Servant Acts, didactic and debate literature, and court cases. Though the formal condition for a servant system to evolve is inequality – in the agrarian setting primarily between landed and landless people – previous research has tended to view the servant system primarily as a solution to the changing need for labour over time in the agrarian household. Through the Servant Acts, the Crown delegated control over landless people to farmers and could thereby ensure that farmers had access to labour, but the Crown also demanded farmers to use inflexible year-long contracts for servants. I show that by using the well-established year-long contract as a frame, masters and male servants were able to create flexibility. At the same time, the subservient position of a servant became less acceptable for men, since the possibility to become a landed head of household at the end of the period of service was eroded during the agrarian revolution. I find that the servant position underwent a discursive feminization, and those aspects point to a situation where the servant position became feminized and wage labour became a new power base for men. The analysis of servants’ wages shows that there were considerable opportunities to use the court to demand unpaid wages, for both male and female servants, although only a quarter of the cases concerned females. However, the legal right to be taken care of in the event of sickness does not seem to have been complied with. Taken together, this leads to the conclusion that servants were already regarded less as family members and more as part of modern labour relations during the agrarian revolution. Finally, the concept of agency is analyzed, showing a subtle gender difference in that the labour of female servants was taken more for granted than that of male servants.
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| 8. |
- Uppenberg, Carolina
(författare)
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Masters writing the rules: how peasant farmer MPs in the Swedish Estate Diet understood servants’ labour and the labour laws, 1823–1863
- 2020
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Ingår i: Agricultural History Review. - 0002-1490. ; 68:2, s. 238-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Peasant farmers made up one of the four estates in the Swedish parliament, the Diet of the four estates, from late medieval times up until the introduction of the two-chamber parliament in 1867. Affiliation to the estate of the peasant farmers was based on landholding. Landholding also entitled peasant farmers to employ servants. Peasant farmers thus played a double role: as masters of servants and as lawmakers of the Servant Acts that regulated the relationship between masters and servants. In this article, minutes from the peasant farmers’ estate are analysed to understand their position on servants and servants’ labour, through a study of debates concerning compulsory service, hiring date, treatment of sick servants, and chastisement of servants. The results challenge the dominant interpretation of rural servanthood being part of the life-cycle by showing how peasant farmers identified antagonistic class differences between themselves and their servants.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Uppenberg, Carolina, et al.
(författare)
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The crofter is a woman: : Gender division of labour in rural semi-landless households, Sweden 1800-1900
- 2023
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to contribute to the empirical question of the labour organisation and the gender division of labour in a semi-landless rural group, crofters (Swedish torpare), during the nineteenth century, and thereby also add to the larger question of the role of gender division of labour in the formation of a wagedependent class. The crofters’ households performed contract-defined corvée labour (unpaid duties as payment for the croft) for the landowner alongside subsistence work at their own croft. We triangulated crofters’ contracts, work lists from estate archives and ethnographic questionnaires to understand the gender division of labour on the estates and at the crofts. The results show that men performed a much higher number of corvée days per year compared to women. We found a positive correlation between men’s and women’s corvee days, meaning that crofts with the highest number of corvée days for men also had the highest number for women. Moreover, we found that many core agricultural tasks were done by both men and women. The labour organisation, on the other hand, was clearly gendered – the role as a crofter in the sense of doing corvée labour for a landowner was primarily a male experience, while the role as a crofter in the sense of working one’s own small plot of land was a female experience.
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