| 1. |
- Andersen, Ronald, et al.
(author)
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Cost containment, solidarity and cautious experimentation : Swedish dilemmas
- 2001
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In: Social Science and Medicine. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 52, s. 1195-1204
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper uses secondary data analysis and a literature review to explore a “Swedish Dilemma”: Can Sweden continue to provide a high level of comprehensive health services for all regardless of ability to pay — a policy emphasizing “solidarity” — or must it decide to impose increasing constraints on health services spending and service delivery — a policy emphasizing “cost containment?” It examines recent policies and longer term trends including: changes in health personnel and facilities; integration of health and social services for older persons; introduction of competition among providers; cost sharing for patients; dismantling of dental insurance; decentralization of government responsibility; priority settings for treatment; and encouragement of the private sector. It is apparent that the Swedes have had considerable success in attaining cost containment — not primarily through “market mechanisms” but through government budget controls and service reduction. Further, it appears that equal access to care, or solidarity, may be adversely affected by some of the system changes.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bruckner, Tim .A., et al.
(author)
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Cold ambient temperature in utero and birth outcomes in Uppsala, Sweden, 1915 to 1929
- 2014
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In: Annals of Epidemiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1047-2797 .- 1873-2585. ; 24:2, s. 116-121
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PurposeAlthough the literature reports adverse birth outcomes following ambient heat, less work focuses on cold. We, moreover, know of no studies of cold that examine stillbirth. We tested the relation between cold ambient temperature during pregnancy in Sweden and four outcomes: stillbirth, preterm, birth weight for gestational age, and birth length. We examined births from 1915 to 1929 in Uppsala, Sweden, which—unlike most societies today—experienced substandard indoor-heating and fewer amenities to provide shelter from cold.MethodsWe retrieved data on almost 14,000 deliveries from the Uppsala Birth Cohort Study. We linked a validated, daily ambient temperature series to all pregnancies and applied Cox proportional hazards (stillbirth and preterm) and linear regression models (birth weight and length). We tested for nonlinearity using quadratic splines.ResultsThe risk of stillbirth rose as ambient temperature during pregnancy fell (hazard ratio for a 1°C decrease in temperature, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.17). Cold extremes adversely affected preterm and birth length, whereas warm extremes increased preterm risk. We observed no relation between cold and birth weight for gestational age.ConclusionIn historical Sweden, cold temperatures during pregnancy increased stillbirth and preterm risk and reduced birth length among live births.
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| 5. |
- Carlson, Per, 1967-, et al.
(author)
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Självmord, mord och kultur
- 1994
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In: Sociologisk forskning. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 31, s. 78-89
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 6. |
- Carlson, Per, et al.
(author)
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Självmord, mord och kultur. En jämförelse av tio länder i Europa
- 1994
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In: Sociologisk forskning. - : Sveriges Sociologförbund. - 0038-0342 .- 2002-066X. ; 31:4, s. 78-89
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Suicide, homicide and culture. A comparison of ten european countriesThe present study investigates the way in which the homicide and suicide rates of ten European countries are related to each other. Is there empirical support for a psychoanalytically based hypothesis of a reverse relationship between homicide and suicide? Or are certain cultural values and patterns more important for such links? Rank correlations and regressions of age-standardised suicide and homicide rates, for men and women in the European countries were conducted. Similar analyses in relation to values as defined by World Values Survey were also performed. There was a slight tendency for countries with high homicide rates to have low suicide rates, and vice versa (among men). For women, however, the relationship was found to be positive and stronger throughout. Countries with high female homicide rates often also had high female suicide rates. The cultural values which could be associated most closely with suicide and homicide rates were religiously and sexually coloured moral attitudes. Suicide rates were lower in countries where God plays a greater role in peoples’ consciousness. Countries where attitudes to abortion, euthanasia, divorce etc were negative, usually also had lower suicide rates for both sexes. The relationship between homicide rates and these attitudes was, for men, the opposite. In countries with a strong belief in God and low religious and sexual tolerance the male but not the female risk of being murdered is higher than in countries with a weaker belief in God. The hypothetical relation between homicide and suicide rates, suggested by psychoanalytically inspired theories, seems to be more readily explained by cultural patterns, in particular a complex of attitudes towards religious and sexual matters.
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| 7. |
- Carlson, Per, et al.
(author)
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The social pattern of heavy drinking in Russia during transition : Evidence from Taganrog 1993
- 1998
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In: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 8:4, s. 280-285
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: we examined the pattern of Russian alcohol consumption, in particular its link with the social and economic situation in Russia after the first year of ‘shock therapy’ and super-inflation in a middle-sized Russian city, Taganrog. Methods: face-to-face Interviews were conducted, with a sampling frame consisting of dwellings selected from an official register and stratified by type and size. Results: In 1993–1994 heavy alcohol drinking (>0.5 I of 40% alcohol/week) was very common among men in Taganrog (34%), while it was uncommon among women (3%). Male heavy drinking was closely related to social, economic and family characteristics. The lowest educational groups and those In manual occupations reported heavy drinking more frequently than others, independently of household income. Among men, quarrels and conflicts in the family were associated with a sixfold higher frequency of heavy drinking compared to families reporting good relations. The social transformation taking place at present is being accompanied by increased social and economic pressures on families. Conclusions: we suggest that heavy alcohol consumption Is particularly common among men who are likely to have lost out during this transition. Russia's mortality crisis seems to be closely linked to its social transformation, but in different ways for men and women.
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| 8. |
- Carlsson, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Late retirement is not associated with increased mortality, results based on all Swedish retirements 1991-2007
- 2012
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In: European Journal of Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0393-2990 .- 1573-7284. ; 27:6, s. 483-486
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In their recent paper based on German old-age pensioners, Kühntopf and Tivig [1] show that early retirement is associated with considerably higher mortality in men. This is in line with previous reports from British, Danish, US, German and Greek populations showing an increased mortality risk related to retirement, especially in the case of early retirement [2–6]. As pointed out by Kühntopf and Tivig, interpretation of these results is complicated, since a “Healthy worker selection effect” may be operating. To reduce this bias, they used information on credited periods of disease in the public insurance system [1]. Other strategies include adjustment for baseline medical problems [2, 6], using a time lag during follow up [5] or exclusion of subjects retiring for health reasons [3, 4]. It is however questionable, whether these strategies have been sufficient to eliminate the effect of health on retirement.
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| 9. |
- de-Graft Aikins, Ama, et al.
(author)
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Global Health and the Changing Contours of Human Life
- 2018
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In: Rethinking Society for the 21st Century: Report of the International Panel on Social Progress. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781108399661 ; , s. 713-752
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The contours of human life – birth, childhood, maturity, reproduction, the experiences of health, illness, and disability, and death – have been and will remain nearly universal; but their duration and texture are undergoing great changes. In this chapter, we chart the transformations and make projections into the near future. Many of the trends are favorable: fewer children are dying, and many enjoy greater longevity. But these advances are not distributed uniformly among and within countries and regions. Furthermore, the value of longevity is compromised by an increasing number of people living with diminished health under inequitable systems of health and social care. A more just future can be achieved by a continuing emphasis on equity in global health systems even as human lives continue to be extended and enhanced.
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| 10. |
- Farahmand, Bahman, et al.
(author)
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Golf- a game of life and death : Reduced mortality in Swedish golf players
- 2009
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : Wiley. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 19:3, s. 419-424
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The specific health benefits achieved from different formsand patterns of leisure-time physical activity are not established.We analyzed the mortality in a cohort of Swedishgolf players. We used the Swedish Golf Federation’s membershipregistry and the nationwide Mortality Registry. Wecalculated standardized mortality ratios (SMR) with stratificationfor age, sex, and socioeconomic status. The cohortincluded 300 818 golfers, and the total number of deaths was1053. The overall SMR was 0.60 [95% confidence intervals(CIs): 0.57–0.64]. The mortality reduction was observed inmen and women, in all age groups, and in all socioeconomiccategories. Golfers with the lowest handicap (the mostskilled players) had the lowest mortality; SMR50.53(95% CI: 0.41–0.67) compared with 0.68 (95% CI: 0.61–0.75) for those with the highest handicap. While we cannotconclude with certainty that all the 40% decreased mortalityrates are explained by the physical activity associatedwith playing golf, we conclude that most likely this is part ofthe explanation. To put the observed mortality reduction incontext, it may be noted that a 40% reduction of mortalityrates corresponds to an increase in life expectancy of about5 years.
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