| 1. |
- Ragulis, Paulius, et al.
(författare)
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Shielding Effectiveness of Modern Energy-Saving Glasses and Windows
- 2017
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-926X .- 1558-2221. ; 65:8, s. 4250-4258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin metal coatings on glass are widely used in modern windows to improve their thermal properties. However, while there are some available papers on the properties of microwave propagation through commercial metallized windows glass below 6 GHz there seems to be a lack of papers regarding metallized multi-glazed windows at higher frequencies. Such data are of the great importance when designing modern microwave communication systems working in urban environments. In this paper, the shielding effectiveness of modern energy-saving glasses and windows were investigated at microwave frequencies from 1 GHz to 20 GHz. Wide measurement range together with proposed fast calculation procedure based on the matrix multiplication method, allowed us to elucidate the reasons responsible for the extremes in dependencies of shielding effectiveness on frequency. It was also shown that by comparing measured and calculated results, the conductivity of the thin metallic layer used in modern energy-saving windows can be determined. During the study, we found that attenuation of microwave radiation passing through modern windows can be as high as 60 dB.
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| 2. |
- Ängskog, Per, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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High Power Microwave Effects on Coated Window Panes
- 2015
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Ingår i: Asia Electromagnetics Conference (ASIAEM) 2015.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Today window panes are usually coated with at least one metal or metal oxide layer to prevent heat energy of the light spectrum from propagating to the other side. This has given problems regarding radio propagation through windows, which might be utilized as a part of a buildings IEMI protection. This paper reports the results from measurements of the shielding effectiveness of a selection of modern window panes before and after irradiation with high power electromagnetic waves. The shielding effectiveness measurements are made in a nested reverberation chamber covering the range 1 – 18 GHz; both before and after high power irradiation at 1.3 GHz. The results show that the shielding effectiveness of window panes may be severely impaired due to thermal stress effects on the coatings during the irradiation, depending of the type of coating.
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| 3. |
- Ängskog, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of Radio Signal Propagation through Window Panes and Energy Saving Windows
- 2015
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Ingår i: 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781479966158 ; , s. 74-79
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glass windows have undergone an energy saving evolution over the past three, four decades, from single panes till today’s ultralow-emission windows. While the earliest energy saving windows were constructed as a sandwich of clear glass panes using the vacuum-flask principle, modern low-emission windows includes panes with coatings of metal and/or metal oxides. This coating has caused radio propagation problems for communication systems; something that may be utilized to protect a building from intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) attacks and to help protecting against information leakage. In this paper measurements of the shielding performance of different generations of windows and qualities of window panes are presented. The intention is to include the results in a guide-line for IEMI protection of critical infrastructures. Measurements are made using two complementary methods; in a nested reverberation chamber and in a semi-anechoic chamber, both over the range 1 – 18 GHz. The results show a clear generation dependency where the energy saving windows largely do not attenuate RF signals at all and low-emission windows offer shielding effectiveness values between 10 and 45 dB with potentially as much as around 60 dB in the upper half of the spectrum.
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| 4. |
- Ängskog, Per, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Shielding Effectiveness and HPM Vulnerability of Energy-Saving Windows and Window Panes
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility (Print). - : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 0018-9375 .- 1558-187X. ; 61:3, s. 870-877
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we report results from shielding effectiveness measurements on energy-saving windows and individual, coated window panes of different generations, as well as results from high-power microwave irradiation on single panes. Shielding effectiveness was measured with two complementary methods: first, with near isotropic irradiation in nested reverberation chambers, and the other with irradiation at normal incidence in a semianechoic chamber. The measurements show that the construction of the energy conserving windows has a clear impact on how well they attenuate radio frequency signals. The more modern the window or pane, the higher is the shielding effectiveness. The high-power irradiation on coated panes showed that depending on the type of coating, hotspots can build up causing the coating to crack and, hence, deteriorate the shielding effectiveness. These results may serve as guidance when reviewing high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (EMP), high-power microwave, or intentional electromagnetic interference protection of critical infrastructures, and provide assistance in the work with reduction of compromising emanations.
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| 5. |
- Ängskog, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Shielding Effectiveness of Energy Saving Windows and HPM Effects on Coated Window Panes Measurements Conducted 2014-2016-Results and Lessons Learned
- 2016
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2016 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY - EMC EUROPE. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781509014163 ; , s. 461-466, s. 461-466
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The past few decades have shown a veritable explosion of new versions of energy-saving windows and coated window panes. In the wake of this, problems with radio communications into and from within buildings has arisen. However, this unexpected attenuation of radio signals may also be used to shield a facility from incoming intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI). With the intention to investigate the shielding effectiveness (SE) of modern windows and window panes a two-year measurement campaign was launched mid-2014. Another, little investigated area is what happens to coated glass when irradiated by a high-power microwave (HPM) source. Shielding effectiveness has been measured for different types of energy saving windows and coated window panes both in a semi-anechoic chamber and in a reverberation chamber over the frequency range 1-18 GHz. The effects of HPM irradiation were studied by comparing SE measured before and after the pulsed 28 kV/m L-band irradiation. The main conclusion is that with the right choice of window the shielding effectiveness of a building can reach up 40-50 dB. In this paper we summarize these measurements and lessons learned from the measurement campaign.
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| 6. |
- Ängskog, Per, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Shielding Effectiveness Studies of Energy Saving Windows and Coated Window Panes - a Summary
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the European Electromagnetics Symposium (EUROEM) 2016. - London : Institution of Engineering and Technology.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent decades, window panes and windows have undergone a virtual revolution with respect to energy saving. Along with this revolution a strong reduction of radio transmission capability through windows has followed. It has been observed that radio communication (e.g. mobile telephony) in newly built or renovated buildings has become increasingly difficult to accomplish due to the higher attenuation in these energy-saving windows. On the upside though, the increased attenuation can help in the protection against intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) and compromising emanations from activities inside the building.In this paper we summarize shielding effectiveness (SE) measurements conducted on window panes and window modules during 2014 and 2015 and give some conclusions drawn regarding do’s and don’ts when installing windows.
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| 7. |
- Ängskog, Per, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Shielding Effectiveness Study of Two Fabrics with Microwave Properties Before and After High Power Irradiation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA)ICEAA '15 - 17th Edition. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781479978069 ; , s. 930-933
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past decade several applications forfabrics with electromagnetic properties have emerged, most ofthem relating to garments, including jackets with built-inantennas and workwear with increased radar visibility. Besidethese have surfaced two protective applications, namely toprotect transports of confidential equipment from discoveryand identification; and to protect sensitive apparatus fromdamage by high power electromagnetic irradiation e.g. in fieldoperations. In this paper results are presented frommeasurement of shielding effectiveness before and after highpower radiation for two types of fabrics under considerationfor the latter applications. Shielding effectivenessmeasurements have been conducted between 1 and 18 GHzwhile the high power irradiation
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| 8. |
- Ängskog, Per, 1964-, et al.
(författare)
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Skärmverkan och mikrovågseffekter på fönster och fönsterglas
- 2016
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Ingår i: Electronic Environment. - Göteborg : Just Rivista AB. ; -:3, s. 26-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Ett allt vanligare fenomen är att mobil telekommunikation inte fungerar i moderna/nybyggda hus. Detta kan härledas till de moderna energisparfönster som monteras in. Denna skärmverkan är inte bara ett problem utan kan också vändas till en fördel i de fall man vill skydda verksamhet från yttre elektromagnetiska störningar, till exempel avsiktlig elektromagnetisk störning (IEMI), samt i de fall då man vill undvika att röjande strålning (RÖS) från elektronisk utrustning läcker ut och kan avlyssnas.Här kommer vi presentera resultaten från mätningar av skärmverkan hos dels fönster av olika generation och dels enskilda fönsterglas med olika funktion som används för att bygga upp dessa fönster. Dessutom presenteras resultat från mätningar av hur skärmverkan påverkas vid bestrålning med högeffekts mikrovågsstrålning (HPM).
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