| 1. |
- Palmieri, C, et al.
(författare)
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Estrogen receptor beta in breast cancer
- 2002
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Ingår i: Endocrine-related cancer. - : Bioscientifica. - 1351-0088. ; 9:1, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Estrogen is essential for normal growth and differentiation in the mammary gland. It also supports growth of approximately 50% of primary breast cancers. For this reason, removal of estrogen or blocking of its action with the anti-estrogen, tamoxifen, is the main treatment for estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-positive tumors. In 1996, when oncologists became aware of a second ER, ERbeta, there was some doubt as to whether this receptor would be of importance in breast cancer because the clinical consensus was that responsiveness to tamoxifen is related to the presence of ERalpha in breast cancer. Today we know that ERalpha and ERbeta have distinct cellular distributions, regulate separate sets of genes and can oppose each other's actions on some genes. We also know that ERbeta is widely expressed in both the normal and malignant breast and that there are proliferating cells in the breast which express ERbeta. In this review we summarize what is known about ERbeta in breast cancer and examine the possibility that ERbeta-selective ligands may well represent a useful class of pharmacological tools with a novel target, namely proliferating cells expressing ERbeta.
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| 2. |
- Kumar, Kundan, et al.
(författare)
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Effective dispersion equations for reactive flows involving free boundaries at the microscale
- 2011
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Ingår i: Multiscale Modeling & simulation. - : Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. - 1540-3459 .- 1540-3467. ; 9:1, s. 29-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider a pore-scale model for reactive flow in a thin two-dimensional strip, where the convective transport dominates the diffusion. Reactions take place at the lateral boundaries of the strip (the walls), where the reaction product can deposit in a layer with a nonnegligible thickness compared to the width of the strip. This leads to a free boundary problem, in which the moving interface between the fluid and the deposited (solid) layer is explicitly taken into account. Using asymptotic expansion methods, we derive an upscaled, one-dimensional model by averaging in the transversal direction. The result is consistent with (Taylor dispersion) models obtained previously for a constant geometry. Finally, numerical computations are presented to compare the outcome of the effective (upscaled) model with the transversally averaged, two-dimensional solution.
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