| 1. |
- Andronova, Everita, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Latviešu valodas vēsturiskās vārdnīcas (16.–17. gs.) projekts: problēmas un risinājumi [Historical Dictionary of the Latvian Language (16-17th cc.): Issues and Solutions]
- 2012
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Ingår i: Apvienotais Pasaules latviešu zinātnieku III kongress un Letonikas IV kongress „Zinātne, sabiedrība un nacionālā identitāte”. - Riga : Latvijas Universitātes Latviešu valodas institūts. - 9789984742670 ; , s. 196-209
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the historical dictionary project is to create a full-type corpus-based dictionary of the early written Latvian texts. The main tasks cover the whole scope of the dictionary making process: to develop a necessary methodology, to write sample entries covering all POS, to make an electronic version of the entries; a further task is to find or to create a lexicographer’s workbench.Till now ca 500 entries have been compiled (~ 300 appellatives and ~ 200 proper names) and guidelines on dictionary entry writing have been set.The present report deals with issues concerning corpus compilation, finding spelling variants of the headword, detecting the meaning for lexemes with a small and a large number of occurrences. Special emphasis is put on the description of the origin of the lexeme, detecting lexical, derivational and semantic loans (according to Betz 1959 terminology Lehnwörter; Lehnbildungen; Lehnbedeutungen). Loans could be found among collocations and idioms, as well as in the syntax (German Lehnwendungen; Lehnsyntax. As the early sources are mainly religious texts, the special interest lies in religious discourse analysis.The Dictionary is the first and for the moment the only known corpus-based dictionary in Latvia. The input data is the Corpus of the Early Latvian Texts ‘SENIE’. The Corpus includes 43 full-text sources with almost 965, 000 tokens covering the 16–18th c.All main sources of the 16th c. are represented in the Corpus, but more data could be explored: 1) The Lord’s Prayer published in different collections; 2) manuscript data (songs, separate sentences). The huge quantity of 17th c. data should be added to the Corpus, e.g., The Old Testament; dictionaries, both printed and manuscripts; grammars; texts of the late 17 th c. and manuscripts (both ecclesiastic and clerical texts).One of the issues of corpus development is the unavailability of the early sources in Latvian libraries. Thus, international co-operation should be established in order to raise awareness of the Latvian texts kept in foreign collections and, if possible, to digitalize them.The early texts are rich in spelling variants which puzzle lexicographers, see five versions of the root māja ‘house’ written as follows: mahj-, mahy-, mai-, maj- and may-. In order to facilitate finding all the occurrences of the head word, a time-consuming solution is to rewrite all the texts in standardized form or to use some software to detect all the spelling variants. Such a solution is found for the Old English texts (software VARD — Variant Detector and the adoption of this practice is worth considering.In detecting the meaning of a lexeme, problems are caused by words with one or two occurrences in the Corpus and those with several thousand occurrences. By means of the concordance program one is able to process words with up to 2,000 occurrences. See the entry pasaule ‘world’ (1,528 occur at the moment of writing this entry) where not only word meanings with the first and the last citation are listed, but also a number of collocations are presented. While processing a headword with a large number of occurrences (e.g., the conjunction ka ‘that’ with >16,000 occurrences or Dievs ‘God’ > 11,000 occur.) the compilers decided to analyze only two sources per century in detail.If only one occurrence is met in the Corpus, additional sources should be examined to determine the meaning: other 17–18th c. dictionaries, dictionaries of different vernaculars, studies in history and botany, the Mülenbach-Endzelin dictionary, Grimm’s Das Deutsche Wörterbuch, in some cases (delete the) Luther’s Bible is consulted (e.g. pakaļazobi — Luther’s Backenzähne ‘molars’).The on-going Dictionary supplies new data for studies of the origin of Latvian words, it detects more precisely the time of the lexeme’s entry into the written language which in most cases is identical to the time of the word’s origin in general.The compilers of the Dictionary explore the former studies of semantic and lexical loans and only some new explanations or previously unrecognized lexemes are expected to be found. Derivational loans are a challenge for researchers, and new examples are found in corpus analysis, e.g., next to kapsēta ‘graveyard’ we can find the lexeme baznīcsēta ‘churchyard’, which is a derivational loan from Middle Low German kerkhof. In contemporary German Kirchhof is encountered, the same as Swedish kyrkogård.Early Latvian texts are rich in derivations and compounds the origins of which are still to be clarified. Hopefully, work with corpus, careful text analysis and comparison to possible source texts can supply new data for a historical dictionary and studies of the early religious lexis.
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| 2. |
- Bissinger, Frederik H., 1989-
(författare)
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Family Language Policies and Immigrant Language Maintenance : Lithuanian in Sweden
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation investigates family language policies of Lithuanian families in Sweden and strives to shed some light on the maintenance of Lithuanian as a heritage language. The aims of the study are to understand how Lithuanian families in Sweden construct, negotiate and implement their family language policies, and to identify challenges regarding the maintenance of Lithuanian which Lithuanian families in Sweden encounter.Applying an ethnographic sociolinguistic approach, the study analyses data that was collected over a time span of three years (2016-2019), including observations, interviews and recordings of ten participating families. Despite a supportive language policy in Sweden which encourages the use and development of heritage languages, the analysis shows that families make not solely including but also excluding experiences regarding the status of their heritage language in Sweden.Most parents are aware of their children’s limited access to Lithuanian which motivates different language management strategies: They try to establish and maintain Lithuanian language practices in their families, and they try to support their children’s Lithuanian language development, correcting their children’s Lithuanian language use. The analysis shows that explicit management of children’s language practices is more successful than implicit language management, as children often do not understand implicit language management. Furthermore, not only parents manage language practices, but children can take the role of a language manager and influence the family language policy, either in supportive or counteracting ways.Parents do also rely on additional Lithuanian language activities to support their children’s Lithuanian language development and to foster their Lithuanian language practices. Lithuanian social networks are, however, seldomly capitalised, as some children rather speak the majority language with peers, and contacts are not maintained outside of the activities. Parents reveal thus context based beliefs regarding their ability to manage their children’s language practices.Finally, the study illustrates how aspects of family language policies contribute to either harmonious or frustrative and conflictive development of the Lithuanian heritage language within the family. It exemplifies some challenges which families face and underlines the need to foster children’s identification with their heritage language, to include them in decision-making processes, and to resolve language-related problems jointly.
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| 3. |
- Bjarnadóttir, Valgerður, 1970-
(författare)
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Non-canonical case-marking on core arguments in Lithuanian : A historical and contrastive perspective
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis presents a description and analysis of non-canonical case-marking of core arguments in Lithuanian. It consists of an introduction and six articles, providing historical and/or contrastive perspective to this issue. More specifically, using data from Lithuanian dialects, Old Lithuanian and other languages such as Icelandic, Latin and Finnic for comparison, the thesis examines the development and current state of non-canonical case-marking of core arguments in Lithuanian The present work draws on empirical findings and theoretical considerations to investigate non-canonical case-marking, language variation and historical linguistics.Special attention is paid to the variation in the case-marking of body parts in pain verb constructions, where an accusative-marked body part is used in Standard Lithuanian, and alongside, a nominative-marked body part in Lithuanian dialects. A common objective of the first three articles is to clarify and to seek a better understanding for the reasons for this case variation. The research provides evidence that nominative is the original case-marking of body parts in pain specific construction, i.e. with verbs, with the original meaning of pain, like skaudėti and sopėti ‘hurt, feel pain’. On the contrary, in derived pain constructions, i.e. with verbs like gelti with the original meaning of ‘sting, bite’ and diegti with the original meaning ‘plant’, accusative is the original case-marking of body parts. This accusative is explained by means of an oblique anticausative and it is argued furthermore that it is extended into the pain specific construction. The three last articles focus on the comparative and contrastive perspective. Their main results include the following: Lithuanian and Icelandic differ considerably in the frequency of using accusative vs. dative marking on the highest ranked argument. Accusative is more frequently used in Lithuanian while dative is dominant in Icelandic. The semantic fields of the dative subject construction have remained very stable, suggesting that the dative subject construction is inherited. It has, however, become productive in the history of Germanic, Baltic and Slavic. The similarities in Finnic and Baltic partiality-based object and subject-marking systems are due to Baltic influence.
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| 4. |
- Bukelskytė-Čepelė, Kristina, 1985-
(författare)
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Nominal Compounds in Old Latvian Texts in the 16th and 17th Centuries
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates the system of compounding attested in the earliest written Latvian texts of the 16th and 17th centuries. The philological analysis presented in this work is the first systematic attempt to extensively treat compounds in Old Latvian. The purpose of this thesis is to thoroughly describe the system of compounding of the earliest period of written Latvian. One of the main aims of the analysis provided in this work is to determine whether the Old Latvian compounds were distinguished in terms of their meaning and form. This is why another important aim of this study is to discern the most characteristic formal properties of each category of compounds in Old Latvian. This study also addresses the morphological variation of the components of compounds and seeks to explain why one finds different tendencies of compounding in the texts of this period. Firstly, it is shown in this thesis that compounds in Old Latvian were clearly distinguished in terms of their meaning. The main semantic types of Old Latvian compounds, which were analyzed in this study, are the determinative compounds, the possessive compounds, the verbal governing compounds, and the copulative compounds. Secondly, it is argued that the aforementioned types of compounds were clearly differentiated in terms of the formal properties of their components. A large number of possessive compounds and verbal governing compounds had the compositional suffix -is (m.)/-e (f.). By contrast, only a handful of determinative compounds had this suffix. In view of the distribution of the suffix found in the Old Latvian compounds, it is suggested that the suffix was originally restricted to adjectival compounds. Furthermore, the different types of compounds in Old Latvian were also distinguished in terms of the first component. In the majority of cases, both the possessive compounds and the verbal governing compounds were coined without linking elements, while the determinative compounds had linking elements to a larger extent. Thirdly, it is proposed in this thesis that a part of linking elements used in the determinative compounds in Old Latvian originated from the original stem vowels of the first components. Thus, it is argued that stem compounds were still attested in the Old Latvian texts, although this Baltic model of coining compounds is no longer visible in Modern Latvian. Lastly, it is suggested that the tendencies of compounding found in the texts under discussion represent dialectal differences.Another contribution of this study is that the Old Latvian compounds are not treated in isolation, but analyzed in drawing parallels with compounds in the other Baltic languages, Lithuanian in particular. Hence, by analyzing common features and similarities between the compounding systems, the Old Latvian compounds are positioned within the context of the Baltic system of compounding.
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| 6. |
- Kalniņš, Aigars, 1990-
(författare)
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Studies in Latvian Comparative Dialectology : —with special focus on word-final *–āj(s)/*–ēj(s) and *–āji(s)/*–ēji(s)
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis consists of four interconnected studies of various topics in the fields of Latvian dialectology and historical linguistics: (1) apocope and shortening; (2) loss of the present 2nd singular endings *–i and *–ɨ; (3) the development of the participle desinences *–ājis *–ējis; (4) the ā– and ē–stem locative singular endings. A recurrent theme is a potential loss of *j in the phonological sequences *–āji(s) *–ēji(s), which were subsequently contracted to *–āj(s) *–ēj(s). In this regard, the first study provides the necessary East Baltic context, while studies 2, 3 and 4 investigate the relevant evidence in the Latvian dialects. At the same time, however, each of the topics is also studied on its own terms.In the first study, an improved account of apocope and shortening is formulated. It is argued that the primary apocope affected all unaccented short vowels, including *u, but that it took place before the accent retraction. Endings that were only affected in immobile paradigms were restored on the model of their counterparts in mobile paradigms. The secondary apocope in second posttonic syllables, which traditionally accounts for the occasional loss of inherited long vowels and diphthongs, is dated after accent retraction but restricted to *i. This implies that a series of endings such as d.sg. –am, d.pl. –Vms, ill.sg. –Vn, 1.pl. –Vm a.o. contained short vowels when the primary apocope set in. Unless Leskien’s Law operated in Latvian, the evidence suggests that the final vowels in these endings were short. If Lithuanian excludes Leskien’s Law in a given case, then the Latvian evidence is compelling, e.g., PEB d.sg.m. *–amu or *–ami rather than *–amọ̄(i̯).The second study investigates present 2nd singular forms with and without a distinct ending in the Latvian dialects. The most archaic distribution seems to be the one found in Blīdene106, where only the derived presents are endingless in the indicative. Studies 2, 3 and 4 also give a comprehensive overview of the development of word-final *–āj(s) *–ēj(s) and *–āji(s) *–ēji(s). Both *–āj *–ēj and *–āji *–ēji yielded –ā –ē in Low Latvian, while High Latvian might have a contrast between accented –āi̯ –ēi̯ and unaccented –ā –ē. High Latvian reflects *–ājs *–ējs and *–ājis *–ējis as –ājs –ējs, but the Low Latvian developments are unclear. Accented *–ājs *–ējs yield –āš –ēš but in unaccented position there may be up to three phonologically regular reflexes: –āš –ēš, –aiš –eiš and –ais –eis. In Vidzeme and Zemgale, *–ājis *–ējis must have merged with *–ājs *–ējs, but in Courland *–ājis *–ējis were possibly apocopated only after *–ājs *–ējs had become –āš –ēš.Accordingly, only Low Latvian –â –ê can be reflexes of the old inessive. Low Latvian –ai –ei cannot be cognate with –â –ê but might continue the old adessive. If Low Latvian –ã2 –ẽ2 reflect the illative, then the three pairs, along with dialectal adverbs in –uop, represent all four East Baltic local cases, which therefore must have existed at least as syntactic constructions in Proto–East Baltic. The enigmatic High Latvian ā–stem locative singular ending –â is identified with Low Latvian –ai rather than –â, which explains its remarkable lack of labialisation but implies a development *–ˌaî > –ˌâ.The utility of the proposed phonetic loss of *j is limited to disyllabic forms like l.sg. *tâji ‘that’ prs.2.sg. *smeji ‘laugh’ ptc. *gãjis ‘go,’ all of which might also be analogical, and it seems best to reject it.
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| 10. |
- Vanags, Peteris, 1962-
(författare)
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Dažas vācu okupācijas laika (1941–1945) latviešu preses valodas iezīmes [Some Features of the Latvian Language in Periodicals During the German Occupation (1941-1945)]
- 2022
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Ingår i: Valoda, valodniecība un kultūrpolitika no 1940. gada. - Rīga : Latvijas Okupācijas muzeja biedrība. - 9789934891960 ; , s. 37-58
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Raksts veltīts latviešu valodas specifiskajām iezīmēm periodikā nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas (1941-1945) laikā. Ievadā sniegts laikmeta raksturojums, tālāk raksturota nacistu propagandas sistēma, kā arī sniegts pārskats par galvenajām vācu politiskās valodas iezīmēm nacisma varas gados. Raksta galvenajā daļā aplūkotas un analizētas propagandas diskursa iezīmes latviešu periodikā. Līdzīgi kā vācu valodā specifiski nacionālsociālistiskā laikmeta leksikā var ieskaitīt: 1) laikmeta jaunvārdus vai kolokācijas (funkcijas vārdi, propagandas vārdi, ideoloģijas jēdzieni), 2) leksiskās semantikas izmaiņas (vērtējuma maiņa, nozīmes maiņa, nozīmes paplašinājums), 3) bieži ekspluatētas leksēmas vai kolokācijas. Līdzīgs lietojums kā vācu valodā ir leksikas tematiskajām jomām un stilistiskajiem līdzekļiem, kas saistīti ar rasu ideoloģiju, militāro jomu, dinamismu, kustību un tehnikas jomu, reliģijas sfēru. Stilistikā tāpat visai plaši izmantoti eifēmismi, disfēmismi, superlatīvais stils, saīsinājumi, kolektīvais vienskaitlis, apzīmējumi ar noliegumu, kā arī svešvārdi.Atšķirības no vācu valodas ir redzamas specifisku salikteņu un atvasinājumu lietojumā, kas latviešu valodā ir izmantoti daudz mazāk. Vācu valodai raksturīgais arhaismu un nominālā stila izmantojums latviešu valodā okupācijas periodā nav raksturīgs.Specifisku vietu vācu okupācijas laika preses valodā ieņem ar rasu ideoloģiju un reliģiju saistītā leksika un frazeoloģiju. Šie abi slāņi izmantoti, lai realizētu vācu propagandas nospraustos uzdevumus – parādītu ebrejus kā padomju laika represiju realizētājus un censtos pastiprināt naidu pret viņiem, kā arī apliecinātu Vāciju un nacionālsociālismu kā vienīgo spēku, kas spēj latviešus no tiem atbrīvot. Paradoksāli savijas divi diskursi, kas pēc būtības ir viens otru izslēdzoši – rasiskais, kas pretendē uz zinātnisku pasaules skatījumu, un reliģiskais, kas balstās reliģiskajā pasaules skatījumā.
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