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- Hagenblad, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Protein content and HvNAM alleles in Nordic barley (Hordeum vulgare) during a century of breeding
- 2022
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Ingår i: Hereditas. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0018-0661 .- 1601-5223. ; 159:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Barley has been bred for more than a century in the Nordic countries, with dramatic improvements of yield traits. In this study we investigate if this has come at the cost of lower grain protein and micronutrient (iron, zinc) content, by analysing 80 accessions representing four different improvement stages. We further re-sequenced the two grain protein content associated genes HvNAM-1 and HvNAM-2 in full and performed expression analyses of the same genes to search for genetic associations with nutrient content.Results: We found higher thousand grain weight in barley landraces and in accessions from the late improvement group compared to accessions from the mid of the twentieth century. Straw length was much reduced in late stage accessions. No significant temporal decrease in grain protein, iron or zinc content during twentieth century Nordic crop improvement could be detected. Out of the 80 accessions only two deviant HvNAM-1 sequences were found, represented by one accession each. These do not appear to be correlated to grain protein content. The sequence of HvNAM-2 was invariable in all accessions and no correlations between expression levels of HvNAM-1 and HvNAM-2 and with grain protein content was found.Conclusions: In contrast to studies in wheat, where a strong negative correlation between straw length and grain protein and micronutrient content has been found, we do not see this relationship in Nordic barley. The last 60 years of breeding has reduced straw length but, contrary to expectations, not protein and micronutrient content. Variation in grain protein and micronutrient content was found among the Nordic barley accessions, but it is not explained by variation of HvNAM genes. This means that HvNAM is an unexploited source of genetic variation for nutrient content in Nordic barley.
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| 2. |
- Hagenblad, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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The introduction history of Hordeum vulgare var. nudum (naked barley) into Fennoscandia
- 2024
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Ingår i: Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. - : SPRINGER. - 0939-6314 .- 1617-6278. ; 33:2, s. 237-245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hordeum vulgare var. nudum (naked barley) is one of the oldest and most common cereals found from Neolithic Fennoscandia. After the Bronze Age, naked barley largely disappeared and was replaced by Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare (hulled barley) and other cereals. During the early 19th century, naked barley of Asian origins was reintroduced to Fennoscandia. In this study, we have genetically characterized samples of Fennoscandian landraces of naked barley which were preserved in gene banks and museum collections. The analyses show that the Fennoscandian naked barley can be split into three groups: First, naked two-row barley, with a likely origin in Asia; second, naked six-row barley, with a likely origin in the eastern Himalayas and introduced during the 19th century; third, naked six-row barley genetically related to the original Fennoscandian hulled barley. The results suggest that this last group represents the ancient form of naked barley, which was possibly introduced in the Neolithic. At that time both naked and hulled barleys were grown and enough gene flow probably occurred between these two subspecies to create a Fennoscandian barley that is genetically distinct, irrespective of whether it is hulled or naked. This hypothesis was further supported by genotyping of the Nud gene, which is responsible for the naked phenotype. All naked barleys which we studied contained the same mutation allele, nud1.a, thus showing that naked Fennoscandian barley arose by crossings between naked and hulled barley and not by new mutations of hulled barley.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Longo, Alessio, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic diversity patterns in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations using genome-wide SNP and haplotype data
- 2024
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Ingår i: Animal Genetics. - 0268-9146 .- 1365-2052. ; 55, s. 87-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rainbow trout is one of the most popular aquaculture species worldwide, with a long history of domestication. However, limited information exists about the genetic diversity of farmed rainbow trout populations globally, with most available reports relying on low-throughput genotyping technologies. Notably, no information exists about the genetic diversity status of farmed rainbow trout in Sweden. Double-digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing was performed on more than 500 broodfish from two leading producers in Sweden and from the country's national breeding program. Following the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genetic diversity was studied by using either individual SNPs (n = 8680; one SNP retained per 300 bp sequence reads) or through SNP haplotypes (n = 20 558; all SNPs retained in 300 bp sequence reads). Similar amounts of genetic diversity were found amongst the three populations when individual SNPs were used. Furthermore, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis of principal components suggested two genetic clusters with the two industry populations grouped together. Genetic differentiation based on the F-ST fixation index was similar to 0.01 between the industry populations and similar to 0.05 when those were compared with the breeding program. Preliminary estimates of effective population size (N-e) and inbreeding (based on runs of homozygosity; F-ROH) were similar amongst the three populations (N-e approximate to 50-80; median F-ROH approximate to 0.11). Finally, the haplotype-based analysis suggested that animals from the breeding program had higher shared coancestry levels than those from the other two populations. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the genetic diversity and structure of Sweden's three main farmed rainbow trout populations, which could guide their future management.
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| 5. |
- Pappas, Fotis, et al.
(författare)
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Whole-genome re-sequencing provides key genomic insights in farmed Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) populations of anadromous and landlocked origin from Scandinavia
- 2023
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Ingår i: Evolutionary applications. - : Wiley. - 1752-4571. ; 16, s. 797-813
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) is a niche-market high-value species for Nordic aquaculture. Similar to other salmonids, both anadromous and landlocked populations are encountered. Whole-genome re-sequencing (22X coverage) was performed on two farmed populations of anadromous (Sigerfjord; n = 24) and landlocked (Arctic Superior; n = 24) origin from Norway and Sweden respectively. More than 5 million SNPs were used to study their genetic diversity and to scan for selection signatures. The two populations were clearly distinguished through principal component analysis, with the mean fixation index being similar to 0.12. Furthermore, the levels of genomic inbreeding estimated from runs of homozygosity were 6.23% and 8.66% for the Norwegian and the Swedish population respectively. Biological processes that could be linked to selection pressure associated primarily with the anadromous background and/or secondarily with domestication were suggested. Overall, our study provided insights regarding the genetic composition of two main strains of farmed Arctic charr from Scandinavia. At the same time, ample genomic resources were produced in the magnitude of millions of SNPs that could assist the transition of Nordic Arctic charr farming in the genomics era.
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| 6. |
- Vanhala, Tytti, et al.
(författare)
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Flowering time adaption in Swedish landrace pea (Pisum sativum L.)
- 2016
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Ingår i: BMC Genetics. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2156. ; 17:1, s. 117-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Cultivated crops have repeatedly faced new climatic conditions while spreading from their site oforigin. In Sweden, at the northernmost fringe of Europe, extreme conditions with temperature-limited growthseasons and long days require specific adaptation. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) has been cultivated in Sweden formillennia, allowing for adaptation to the local environmental conditions to develop. To study such adaptation, 15Swedish pea landraces were chosen alongside nine European landraces, seven cultivars and three wild accessions.Number of days to flowering (DTF) and other traits were measured and the diversity of the flowering time genesHIGH RESPONSE TO PHOTOPERIOD (HR), LATE FLOWERING (LF) and STERILE NODES (SN) was assessed. Furthermore, theexpression profiles of LF and SN were obtained.Results: DTF was positively correlated with the length of growing season at the site of origin (GSO) of the Swedishlandraces. Alleles at the HR locus were significantly associated with DTF with an average difference of 15.43 daysbetween the two detected haplotypes. LF expression was found to have a significant effect on DTF when analysedon its own, but not when HR haplotype was added to the model. HR haplotype and GSO together explained themost of the detected variation in DTF (49.6 %).Conclusions: We show local adaptation of DTF, primarily in the northernmost accessions, and links betweengenetic diversity and diversity in DTF. The links between GSO and genetic diversity of the genes are less clear-cutand flowering time adaptation seems to have a complex genetic background.
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