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- Blenckner, Thorsten, et al.
(författare)
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The Baltic Health Index (BHI): Assessing the social-ecological status of the Baltic Sea
- 2021
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Ingår i: People and Nature. - : Wiley. - 2575-8314. ; 3:2, s. 359-375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improving the health of coastal and open sea marine ecosystems represents a substantial challenge for sustainable marine resource management, since it requires balancing human benefits and impacts on the ocean. This challenge is often exacerbated by incomplete knowledge and lack of tools that measure ocean and coastal ecosystem health in a way that allows consistent monitoring of progress towards predefined management targets. The lack of such tools often limits capabilities to enact and enforce effective governance. We introduce the Baltic Health Index (BHI) as a transparent, collaborative and repeatable assessment tool. The Index complements existing, more ecological-oriented, approaches by including a human dimension on the status of the Baltic Sea, an ecosystem impacted by multiple anthropogenic pressures and governed by a multitude of comprehensive national and international policies. Using a large amount of social-ecological data available, we assessed the health of the Baltic Sea for nine goals that represent the status towards set targets, for example, clean waters, biodiversity, food provision, natural products extraction and tourism. Our results indicate that the overall health of the Baltic Sea is suboptimal (a score of 76 out of 100), and a substantial effort is required to reach the management objectives and associated targets. Subregionally, the lowest BHI scores were measured for carbon storage, contaminants and lasting special places (i.e. marine protected areas), albeit with large spatial variation. Overall, the likely future status of all goals in the BHI averaged for the entire Baltic Sea is better than the present status, indicating a positive trend towards a healthier Baltic Sea. However, in some Baltic Sea basins, the trend for specific goals was decreasing, highlighting locations and issues that should be the focus of management priorities. The BHI outcomes can be used to identify both pan-Baltic and subregional scale management priorities and to illustrate the interconnectedness between goals linked by cumulative pressures. Hence, the information provided by the BHI tool and its further development will contribute towards the fulfilment of the UN Agenda 2030 and its Sustainability Development Goals. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
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| 2. |
- Komi, P V, et al.
(författare)
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Skeletal muscle fibres and muscle enzyme activities in monozygous and dizygous twins of both sexes.
- 1977
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Ingår i: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. - 0001-6772 .- 1365-201X. ; 100:4, s. 385-92
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Significance of the genetic component in determining the interindividual variation observed in skeletal muscle fibre composition and enzyme activities was investigated in 31 pairs of male and female monozygous (MZ) and dizygous (DZ) twins, whose ages ranged in all but one pair (11 years) from 15 to 24 years. Percent distribution of slow twitch muscle fibres and activities of Ca2+ and Ng2+ stimulated ATPases, creatine phosphokinase, myokinase, phosphorylase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and distribution of its isozyme LDH-1 were all analyzed in biopsy samples taken from the vastus lateralis muscle. The data disclosed that in contrast to DZ twins the MZ twins of both sexes had an essentially identical muscle fibre composition. Calculation of the heritability estimate for this parameter gave the values of 99.5% and 92.8%, respectively for males and females. In contrast to the fibre composition presence of a significant genetic component was not observed in any of the enzyme activities studied. It was concluded that there is a predominant genetic influence on the skeletal muscle fibre composition in man, and thus also on the potential capacity of the muscles to perform work.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Thorstensson, Alf, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of strength training on EMG of human skeletal muscle.
- 1976
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Ingår i: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. - 0001-6772 .- 1365-201X. ; 98:2, s. 232-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of an 8 weeks period of systematic progressive strength training on the EMG activity of the leg extensor muscles (vastus lateralis and rectus femoris) were investigated in 8 healthy male subjects (22-31 yrs). After training there were indications (n.s.) of a decline in integrated EMG (IEMG) during maximal isometric knee extension as well as in the IEMG vs isometric force relationship. The averaged motor unit potential (AMUP) did not demonstrate any significant changes due to the strength training regimen. In conformity with earlier findings no or only minor alterations were observed in anthropometrics, muscle enzyme activities and fibre composition. The fibre area ratio indicated a specific effect of the training stimuli on the fast twitch muscle fibres. Thus, EMG-analyses, as employed in the present study, did not provide any conclusive additional explanation as to the mechanisms behind the well established gains in muscle strength performance induced by the applied strength training program.
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