| 1. |
- Häggström Lundevaller, Erling, Filosofie doktor, PhD, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term Health Outcomes from Inbreeding : Longevity, Fertility and Impairment
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of the paper is to investigate if inbreeding had any health effects on individuals born 1890–1905 in Skellefteå, Sweden, with a follow-up period until 1950. The effects on longevity, fertility and impairments as outcome variables is of particular interest to clarify, as they provide a comprehensive picture of howinbreeding affects human demographic behaviour and health during this period. The effect on longevity was not strong but caused higher mortality for men above one year of age. The risk of stillbirths showed a substantial association with inbreeding, with a higher risk for highly inbred. The probability of having children was lower for persons representing high levels of inbreeding. However, the number of children given that at leastone child is born is not affected. No significant effect of the parents being related is noted on fertility. With respect to an individual’s own inbreeding we find that the higher the level of inbreeding, the higher the risk of impairments.
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| 2. |
- Junkka, Johan, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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The emergence of social gaps in mental health : a longitudinal population study in Sweden, 1900-1959
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 15:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the recent decades, social inequalities in mental health have increased and are now one of the most persistent features of contemporary society. There is limited knowledge about when this pattern emerged or whether it has been a historically fixed feature. The objective of this study was to assess whether socioeconomic and gender gaps in mental health changed during the period 1900–1959 in Sweden. We used historical micro data which report all necessary information on individuals’ demographic characteristics, occupational attainment and mental disorders (N = 2,450) in a Swedish population of 193,893. Changes over time was tested using multilevel Cox proportional hazard models. We tested how gender-specific risks of mental disorder changed and how gender-specific socioeconomic status was related to risks of mental disorder later in life. We found a reversal in gender gaps in mental health during the study period. Women had a lower risk than men in 1900 and higher risks in 1959. For men, we found a negative gradient in SES risks in 1900 and a positive gradient in 1959. For women, we found no clear SES gradient in the risk of mental disorder. These findings suggest that the contemporary patterns in socioeconomic and gender gaps in mental disorder emerged during the 1940s and 1950s and have since then persisted.
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| 3. |
- Liselotte, Eriksson, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Supply or demand? : Institutionalization of the mentally ill in the emerging Swedish welfare state, 1900–1959
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Historical studies on the institutionalization of the mentally ill have primarily relied on data on institutionalized patients rather than the population at risk. Consequently, the underlying factors of institutionalization are unclear. Using Swedish longitudinal microdata from 1900–1959 reporting mental disorders, we examine whether supply-side factors such as distance to institutions and number of asylum beds influenced the risk of institutionalization, in addition to demand-side factors such as access to family. Institutionalization risks were associated with the supply of beds and proximity to an asylum, but also dependent on families’ unmet demand for care of relatives. As the supply of mental care met this family-driven demand in the 1930s, the relative risk of institutionalization increased among those lacking family networks.
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| 4. |
- Liselotte, Eriksson, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Supply or demand? Institutionalization of the mentally ill in the emerging Swedish welfare state, 1900–59
- 2022
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Ingår i: History of Psychiatry. - : Sage Publications. - 0957-154X .- 1740-2360. ; 33:2, s. 180-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Historical studies on the institutionalization of the mentally ill have primarily relied on data for institutionalized patients rather than the population at risk. Consequently, the underlying factors of institutionalization are unclear. Using Swedish longitudinal microdata from 1900–59 reporting mental disorders, we examine whether supply factors, such as distance to institutions and number of asylum beds, influenced the risk of institutionalization, in addition to demand factors such as access to family. Institutionalization risks were associated with the supply of beds and proximity to an asylum, but also dependent on families’ unmet demand for care of relatives. As the supply of mental care met this family-driven demand in the 1930s, the relative risk of institutionalization increased among those lacking family networks.
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| 5. |
- Marklund, Emil, 1985-
(författare)
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Teachers’ lives in transition : gendered experiences of work and family among primary school teachers in northern Sweden, c. 1860–1940
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis, primary school teachers in a coastal area of northern Sweden c. 1860–1940 are studied with the overarching purpose to investigate the link between professional work and private life. Four sub-studies provide results on who the teachers were with regard to gender, professional status (teacher qualification) and socio-economic background, and on their family formation during the study period. Dis(similarities) over time and between the genders are analysed and discussed within a life-course framework, especially concerning women’s possibility to become teachers and combine their employment with family formation. The findings are obtained through quantitative as well as qualitative analyses of multiple sources like digitised parish records, censuses, teacher registers and a diary. The latter provides unique insights into the everyday life of a young woman and her interaction with the local community through her teacher position and social networks. The results show both continuity and change. The recruitment pattern of primary school teachers in terms of social origin remained stable throughout the study period. A farming origin was most typical while children of higher professionals were most likely to become teachers, but this group alone could not cover the need for new teachers. National reforms of the teacher training and its increasing accessibility on a regional level had a big impact on the number, qualification, and gender composition of primary school teachers in the study area. Results on the dynamic link between work and family formation show that female teachers were among the first middle-class women to increase their share in experiencing motherhood. In the 20th century, an increasing proportion of women who entered the teaching profession returned to it after having children. Overall, the thesis results show that women teachers in contrast to their male counterparts experienced fundamental transitions in their professional as well as family life. This indicates a shift in the perception of a respectable woman teacher. In the 19th century, she could be either a teacher or a mother but rarely both at the same time. Along with changes in societal structures and gendered norms during the 20th century, teaching mothers became far more common suggesting that they enjoyed respectability. The variety of findings of this thesis and its mix of methods allow it to contribute to several fields within history, such as social history, historical demography, gender history and history of education.
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| 6. |
- Vikström, Lotta, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Demographic outcomes during colonisation : Migration and mortality among indigenous and non-indigenous populations in nineteenth-century Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Migration History. - : Brill Academic Publishers. - 2351-9916 .- 2351-9924. ; 2:1, s. 148-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to insufficient historical population data, there is limited knowledge about the demographic outcomes of colonisation. This study provides demographic evidence of the difficulties faced by the Sami – an indigenous population in Sweden – during nineteenth-century colonisation, as indicated by (1) high risks of migration and (2) low survival rates compared to non-Sami. The digitised parish registers of the Demographic Data Base (Umeå University) provide longitudinal, individual-level data on migration, mortality, and ethnic origin. Event history analysis reveals that the Sami were vulnerable, with a higher mortality rate than non-Sami, and that they were more prone to migrate from areas overcrowded due to an increased competition for land. However, regardless of ethnic origin, it was primarily the settlers who migrated, and who ran the lowest mortality risks. This result suggests a ‘healthy settler effect’, and diverse consequences of colonisation that did not always follow ethnic lines.
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| 7. |
- Vikström, Lotta, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Demographic responses to colonization among indigenous populations : Migration and mortality in 19th century northernmost Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference. ; , s. 221-221
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although history shows how colonization has exposed indigenous populations to vulnerability, there is a narrow quantitative knowledge of how they demographically responded to colonization. Swedish parish registers are unique in providing longitudinal demographic data on the indigenous populations in northernmost Sweden: the Sami. The Demographic Data Base, Umeå University, has digitized these registers, which allows this study to conduct event history analyses of the Sami’s colonial experiences during the 19th century. If colonization added to the Sami’s difficulties to maintain their traditional use of land and lifestyle, it would be indicated by (1) untimely death among them; (2) a desire to leave their space as it was increasingly colonized. However, the propensity to depart was significantly higher among the Non-Sami people, primarily settlers, probably because it was a tough task to establish a farm in these remote cold areas. Additionally, ‘lock-in’ mechanisms might have reduced the Sami’s inclination to relocate, if this meant giving up a lifestyle and occupation difficult to perform in other settings. Their survival chances were higher than those of the Non-Sami, especially among women. In all, the findings propose that the Non-Sami individuals suffered from an ‘unhealthy migrant effect’.
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| 8. |
- Vikström, Lotta, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Was there any gendered preferences for children during the fertility transition? : Results from Germany 1825-1900
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Demographers demonstrate an increasing interest for studying parental gender preferences in developing countries and more developed societies. They find an association between the sex-composition of living offspring and the probability of having an additional child. In history, parents’ gender preferences have proven difficult to verify. This study makes use of John Knodel’s German village genealogies to obtain knowledge on this issue during a period of fertility transition, 1825-1900. Couples at first marriage who gave birth to minimum four children are targeted. Event history analyses (Cox regression models) of couples’ duration and propensity to progress to fifth parity, helps us to test if the probability to have additional children was influenced by the sex-composition of surviving children at lower parities. It appears that sex preferences for son(s) did influence parents’ reproductive behavior, as those having only girls experienced the highest transition rates to fifth parity. However, couples who married from approximately 1870 onward started to exhibit a fertility behavior that consistent with the desire to have at least one surviving boy and girl. That the gendered preferences became more symmetrical already during the fertility decline we view as an surprisingly early move toward a modern European pattern.
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| 9. |
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Cripping Time : Understanding the Life Course through the Lens of Ableism
- 2020
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- The cultural understanding of what constitutes a disability is connected to understandings of time, aging and the idea of a normative life course. However, research with a life course perspective within disability studies has often focused on possibilities and obstacles to achieve the goals of the normative life such as work, marriage and children. Studies in ableism, on the other hand, has focused on the construction of the normative life course itself. According to Kafer (2012) able-bodiedness as the desirable normal permeates our understanding of time. But, rendering crip embodiments and their challenges to normative time creates an understanding of time that differs from the able-bodied one - as well as presenting a challenge to the construct of time and life courses in a normative ableist sense.This special section aims to advance knowledge and discussion of the ascribed disabled life course by employing perspectives on disability and time that draws from the understanding of ableist normalcy and crip time, thus contributing to field of ableism studies.
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| 10. |
- De Veirman, Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Deaf and unwanted? : marriage characteristics of deaf people in eighteenth and nineteenth-century Belgium: a comparative and cross-regional approach
- 2016
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Ingår i: Continuity and Change. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 0268-4160 .- 1469-218X. ; 31:2, s. 241-273
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, the marriage characteristics of deaf men and women born in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Belgium are compared to each other, as well as to a group of non-deaf siblings and a group of Swedish deaf persons. The aim is to determine the extent to which the marriage pattern of deaf persons lined up with that of non-disabled persons and to see how experiences of disablement interacted with the environment in which persons dwelt. This article challenges the belief in a universal disability experience by arguing that although deaf individuals generally encountered more difficulties in finding a marriage partner, marriage chances were significantly dependent on personal characteristics such as gender, living environment and birth date. As such, we demonstrate that the relationship between being deaf and being vulnerable on the marriage market was not an inescapable one, but the product of specific environments.
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