| 1. |
- Larsson, Simon, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing the contingency of the world: magic, oracles, and machine-learning technology
- 2024
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Ingår i: AI and Society. - London : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0951-5666 .- 1435-5655. ; 39, s. 183-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of magic is frequently used to discuss technology, a practice considered useful by some with others arguing that viewing technology as magic precludes a proper understanding of technology. The concept of magic is especially prominent in discussions of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Based on an anthropological perspective, this paper juxtaposes ML technology with magic, using descriptions drawn from a project on an ML-powered system for propulsion control of cargo ships. The paper concludes that prior scholarly work on technology has failed to both define magic adequately and use research into magic. It also argues that although the distinction between ML technology and magic is important, recognition of the similarities is useful for understanding ML technology. © 2022, The Author(s).
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| 2. |
- Poulsen, René Taudal, et al.
(författare)
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Energy efficiency in ship operations : Exploring voyage decisions and decision-makers
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To mitigate climate change due to international shipping, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) requires shipowners and ship technical managers to improve the energy efficiency of ships’ operations. This paper studies how voyage planning and execution decisions affect energy efficiency and distinguishes between the commercial and nautical components of energy efficiency. Commercial decisions for voyage planning depend on dynamic market conditions and matter more for energy efficiency than nautical decisions do for voyage execution. The paper identifies the people involved in decision-making processes and advances the energy-efficiency literature by revealing the highly networked nature of agency for energy efficiency. The IMO’s current energy efficiency regulations fail to distinguish between the commercial and nautical aspects of energy efficiency, which limits the ability to mitigate climate change through regulatory measures. Policymakers should expand their regulatory focus beyond shipowners and technical managers to cargo owners to improve energy efficiency and reduce maritime transport emissions.
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| 3. |
- Sellberg, Charlott, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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From technical and non-technical skills to hybrid minds: Reconceptualizing cognition and learning in semi-automated environments
- 2020
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Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-5365 .- 2194-5357. ; 1211 AISC, s. 191-197, s. 191-197
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to review and compare theories and methods for studying cognition and learning in simulator-based maritime training, preparing students for work in socio-technical systems on ships that are rapidly becoming increasingly autonomous. A comparison of studies that draw on classic cognitivist theories with situated and socio-cultural theories on cognition and learning is conducted. The findings reveal tensions between different research ontologies, pointing towards the need to re-consider the dualistic view on human relations with technology underlying the technical and non-technical skills taxonomy. Instead, the notion of a hybrid mind is introduced to maritime human factors. A hybrid mind is both relying on and is shaped by its embeddedness in increasingly complex and powerful cognitive habits and technical systems. Hence, the concept serves as a compelling tool to explain how increased levels of automation continuously change both cognitive practices and capacities of humans at work.
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| 4. |
- Sellberg, Charlott, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Guest editorial
- 2023
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Sellberg, Charlott, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Moving Control from Ship to Shore: Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Autonomous Shipping
- 2022
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Ingår i: Arai K. (eds) Advances in Information and Communication. FICC 2022. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 439.. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030980153 ; , s. 123-134
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses the ongoing process of digitalization and automation in society referred to as the fourth industrial evolution. The ongoing technological transformation of industries have led to a decentralization of control, and as a result, fragmentation of work when tasks are distributed among several human and artificial actors in diverse locales and organizations. The aim is to use an “industry of the future”, in this case autonomous shipping, as an illustrative case to explore the ways cooperation changes when work is distributed between humans in a network of control rooms and autonomous vehicles. Taking the departure in an ongoing project of autonomous shipping in Norway as well as in classical CSCW studies on centers of coordination, we discuss how the decentralization of control rooms transforms the social and material conditions for cooperation, but also challenges for establishing cooperation between humans and autonomous vehicles. As a result, we propose that control room of the future will share characteristics with control rooms of the past, i.e., taking the form of hybrid spaces where both traditional practices and high-end technologies are at work. Although it is difficult to pinpoint how the relationship between human operators and autonomous vessels will manifest itself in future work practices, we find it likely to assume that the interaction with automation will give rise to novel forms of articulation work where new standards and norms of accountability and trust are negotiated and re-produced. Future studies need to analyse, in interactional detail, the ways in which humans interact with artificial agency to co-construct an understanding of the evolving situation.
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| 6. |
- Sellberg, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Moving Control from Ship to Shore : Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Autonomous Shipping
- 2022
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Ingår i: Future of Information and Communication Conference, FICC 2022: Advances in Information and Communication. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030980146 - 9783030980153 ; , s. 123-134
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses the ongoing process of digitalization and automation in society referred to as the fourth industrial evolution. The ongoing technological transformation of industries have led to a decentralization of control, and as a result, fragmentation of work when tasks are distributed among several human and artificial actors in diverse locales and organizations. The aim is to use an “industry of the futureâ€, in this case autonomous shipping, as an illustrative case to explore the ways cooperation changes when work is distributed between humans in a network of control rooms and autonomous vehicles. Taking the departure in an ongoing project of autonomous shipping in Norway as well as in classical CSCW studies on centers of coordination, we discuss how the decentralization of control rooms transforms the social and material conditions for cooperation, but also challenges for establishing cooperation between humans and autonomous vehicles. As a result, we propose that control room of the future will share characteristics with control rooms of the past, i.e., taking the form of hybrid spaces where both traditional practices and high-end technologies are at work. Although it is difficult to pinpoint how the relationship between human operators and autonomous vessels will manifest itself in future work practices, we find it likely to assume that the interaction with automation will give rise to novel forms of articulation work where new standards and norms of accountability and trust are negotiated and re-produced. Future studies need to analyse, in interactional detail, the ways in which humans interact with artificial agency to co-construct an understanding of the evolving situation. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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| 7. |
- Sellberg, Charlott, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Non-technical Skills Training in Crew Resource Management : Curating YouTube Videos for Educational Purposes
- 2021
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Ingår i: Advances in Human Factors in Training, Education, and Learning Sciences. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030799991 - 9783030800000 ; , s. 93-100
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This pilot study serves as a starting point to explore the process of finding and evaluating YouTube videos for non-technical skills training for crew resource management courses. Five videos on situation awareness were identified using a combination of Boolean search strategies, relevance of the content and ratings from YouTube users. In the next step, the videos were evaluated, showing variations in education quality between videos. Moreover, preliminary finding show that user-generated comments and ratings might be of little use for guiding the search for high-quality content on YouTube. A closer analysis of the content shows how tensions between scientific concepts and practical illustrations of situation awareness is seen in the videos. This might create a dilemma for teachers in choosing between theoretically complete and authentic content. Research that further explores the ways discursive transformations of human factors concepts occur through everyday uses in popular media such as YouTube is suggested.
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| 8. |
- Sellberg, Charlott, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Professional bodies in formation: An ethnography of Maritime Basic Safety Training
- 2022
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Ingår i: EARLI SIG14 Conference, Paderborn, Germany, 17-19 August, 2022.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study is to investigate maritime basic safety training as an example of a form of professional training focusing on visceral experiences, senses, and embodied actions. In contrast to the more common deployment of training in professional educational settings where participants train skills that are frequently used in practice, maritime basic safety training set out to prepare seafarers for action in emergency situations that rarely occur, but that have severe potential consequences. Part of the goals of this training involve improving seafarers’ ability of survival at sea in the event of ship abandonment, of fighting and extinguishing fires, as well as taking immediate action upon encountering an injury or any other medical emergency. The training is provided early on to maritime students on their way of becoming either deck or engine officers, but it is also compulsory for experienced seafarers, as part of their mandatory “refresh courses” taken every five years. The study is based on ethnographic field work, using methods including observations, interviews and focus groups with students and instructors in two Swedish maritime training centers [1]. Data collected include field notes, photographs, as well as audio and video recordings, with the aim to perform multimodal interaction analysis of training situations [2]. The empirical material shows how exposing students to the various emotionally stressful and sensorially unusual situations during basic safety training enables them to experience their own embodied reactions and offers them the opportunity to practice certain actions that can save their and others’ lives. Although basic safety training, in the syllabus, includes a focus on certain pre-defined manual skills, such as how to prepare and use all the equipment required for firefighting and ship abandonment, we found an informal aim of basic safety training. The instructors highlighted that the training situations aim to make students familiar with the embodied experiences that are likely during emergencies at sea, and to become aware of their own reactions as well as develop coping strategies for stressful situations. Hence, the instructors were emphasizing the role of the body as a source of professional knowing and reflection. While literature on maritime basic safety training is scarce, the existing studies mainly put emphasis on measuring the effects of basic training courses [3]. This is not unusual in Maritime Education and Training, a field that mostly focusses on cognitive skills, and where the embodied and sensory basis for proficient action is rarely discussed [4]. We conclude that embodied subjectivity has a constitutive role in safety training and that more research is needed to develop this theme both as a research topic and practical application in professional education. 1. Pink, S. (2015). Doing sensory ethnography (Second ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd. 2. Katila, J., Raudaskoski, S. (2020). Interaction analysis as an embodied and interactive process: Multimodal, co-operative, and intercorporeal ways of seeing video data as complementary professional visions. Human Studies 43, 445–470. 3. Buted, D. R., Felicen, M. S. S., Macatangay, J. E. G., Andal, N. J. F., Pangpang, K. N. R., Suayan, M. C. V., ... & De Leon, J. D. (2014). Effectiveness of basic safety training among cruise line students. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol, 2(3). 4. Wahl, A.M., Kongsvik, T. (2018). Crew resource management training in the maritime industry: a literature review. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs 17, 377–396.
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| 9. |
- Sellberg, Charlott, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial, temporal and bodily organizations for instructions-in-action in basic safety training
- 2022
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Ingår i: 7th Copenhagen Multimodal Day "On Multisensoriality", November 4, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study contributes to a corpus of studies in the tradition of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis (EMCA) taking an interest in instructions and instruction following [1]. These studies investigate the local production of instructions in educational settings where practical skills are being trained, taking on finely grained analyses of the sequential organization of instructions-in-action [2]. Examples include instruction and instruction following in handicraft [3], instructed cooking [4], air traffic control training [5], sports coaching [6] and surgical training [7]. In this study, we take on a multimodal investigation of instructions-in-action and the spatial, temporal and bodily organizations that shape both their production and their uptake. Basing our analysis on video recorded basic safety training in maritime education, the following research questions are focused: a) how are the production of instructions-in-action shaped by spatial, temporal and bodily circumstances during activities? and b) what are the spatial, temporal and bodily prerequisites for following instructions-in-action? The aim of the analysis is ultimately to reveal instructional work that might be taken for granted as mundane and simplistic in a safety-critical professional domain that is focused on what is perceived as higher order, cognitive skills [8]. During training, the instructors actively positioned themselves in relation to the students ongoing actions, closely monitoring the students’ bodily movements and reactions during exercises. As a result, an instructional organization consisting of embedded assessments, bodily demonstrations, and instruction following was seen as a reoccurring theme in the data corpus [9‚10]. Conversely, we argue that the instructional work carried out in these exercises is a carefully designed and deliberate practice that is essential for teaching and learning from basic safety training. References 1. Garfinkel, H. (2002). Ethnomethodology's program: Working out Durkheim's aphorism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2. Schegloff, E. (2000). On granularity. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 715-720. 3. Lindwall, O., & Ekström, A. (2012). Instruction-in-interaction: The teaching and learning of a manual skill. Human Studies, 35(1), 27-49. 4. Mondada, L. (2014a). Cooking instructions and the shaping of things in the kitchen. In: M. Nevile, P. Haddington, T. Heinemann & M. Rauniomaa (Eds.) Interacting with objects: Language, materiality, and social activity, 199-226. 5. Arminen, I., Koskela, I., & Palukka, H. (2014). Multimodal production of second pair parts in air traffic control training. Journal of Pragmatics, 65, 46-62. 6. Evans, B., & Reynolds, E. (2016). The organization of corrective demonstrations using embodied action in sports coaching feedback. Symbolic Interaction, 39(4), 525-556. 7. Mondada, L. (2014b). Instructions in the operating room: How the surgeon directs their assistant’s hands. Discourse Studies, 16(2), 131–161. 8. Viktorelius, M., & Sellberg, C. (2022). The Lived Body and Embodied Instructional Practices in Maritime Basic Safety Training. Vocations and Learning, 15(1), 87-109. 9. Greiffenhagen, C. (2012). Making rounds: The routine work of the teacher during collaborative learning with computers. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, 7(1), 11-42. 10. Due, B. L., Lange, S. B., Nielsen, M. F., & Jarlskov, C. (2019). Mimicable embodied demonstration in a decomposed sequence: Two aspects of recipient design in professionals' video-mediated encounters. Journal of Pragmatics, 152, 13-27.
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| 10. |
- Viktorelius, Martin, 1987-
(författare)
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A Critical Analysis of the Concept of Resilience Skills From an Enactivist Perspective
- 2023
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Ingår i: Human Error, Reliability, Resilience, and Performance. AHFE (2023) International Conference. - New York, NY : AHFE International. - 9781958651582 ; , s. 13-20
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper offers a critical analysis of the concept of professional skill and cognition as it is conceived in the field of resilience engineering which is concerned with understanding how adaptive capacity is configured in complex sociotechnical systems. It is argued that the current disembodied and representationalist approach, separating thinking from acting, cannot accommodate resilience understood as adaptive capacity. Instead, an enactivist approach, emphasizing the constitutive coupling between embodied action and environment, is suggested as an ontological basis for research on resilience and adaptability in work.
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