| 1. |
- Carlier, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Preclinical activity of melflufen (J1) in ovarian cancer
- 2016
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Ingår i: Oncotarget. - : Impact Journals, LLC. - 1949-2553. ; 7:37, s. 59322-59335
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ovarian cancer carries a significant mortality. Since symptoms tend to be minimal, the disease is often diagnosed when peritoneal metastases are already present. The standard of care in advanced ovarian cancer consists of platinum-based chemotherapy combined with cytoreductive surgery. Unfortunately, even after optimal cytoreduction and adjuvant chemotherapy, most patients with stage III disease will develop a recurrence. Intraperitoneal administration of chemotherapy is an alternative treatment for patients with localized disease. The pharmacological and physiochemical properties of melflufen, a peptidase potentiated alkylator, raised the hypothesis that this drug could be useful in ovarian cancer and particularily against peritoneal carcinomatosis. In this study the preclinical effects of melflufen were investigated in different ovarian cancer models. Melflufen was active against ovarian cancer cell lines, primary cultures of patient-derived ovarian cancer cells, and inhibited the growth of subcutaneous A2780 ovarian cancer xenografts alone and when combined with gemcitabine or liposomal doxorubicin when administered intravenously. In addition, an intra-and subperitoneal xenograft model showed activity of intraperitoneal administered melflufen for peritoneal carcinomatosis, with minimal side effects and modest systemic exposure. In conclusion, results from this study support further investigations of melflufen for the treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from ovarian cancer, both for intravenous and intraperitoneal administration.
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| 2. |
- Falck-Ytter, Terje, et al.
(författare)
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The Babytwins Study Sweden (BATSS): A Multi-Method Infant Twin Study of Genetic and Environmental Factors Influencing Infant Brain and Behavioral Development
- 2021
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Ingår i: Twin Research and Human Genetics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1832-4274 .- 1839-2628. ; 24:4, s. 217-227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twin studies can help us understand the relative contributions of genes and environment to phenotypic trait variation, including attentional and brain activation measures. In terms of applying methodologies such as electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking, which are key methods in developmental neuroscience, infant twin studies are almost nonexistent. Here, we describe the Babytwins Study Sweden (BATSS), a multi-method longitudinal twin study of 177 MZ and 134 DZ twin pairs (i.e., 622 individual infants) covering the 5-36 month time period. The study includes EEG, eye tracking and genetics, together with more traditional measures based on in-person testing, direct observation and questionnaires. The results show that interest in participation in research among twin parents is high, despite the comprehensive protocol. DNA analysis from saliva samples was possible in virtually all participants, allowing for both zygosity confirmation and polygenic score analyses. Combining a longitudinal twin design with advanced technologies in developmental cognitive neuroscience and genomics, BATSS represents a new approach in infancy research, which we hope to have impact across multiple disciplines in the coming years.
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| 3. |
- Portugal, Ana Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Infants' looking preferences for social versus non-social objects reflect genetic variation
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Human Behaviour. - : Springer Nature. - 2397-3374. ; 8:1, s. 115-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To what extent do individual differences in infants’ early preference for faces versus non-facial objects reflect genetic and environmental factors? Here in a sample of 536 5-month-old same-sex twins, we assessed attention to faces using eye tracking in two ways: initial orienting to faces at the start of the trial (thought to reflect subcortical processing) and sustained face preference throughout the trial (thought to reflect emerging attention control). Twin model fitting suggested an influence of genetic and unique environmental effects, but there was no evidence for an effect of shared environment. The heritability of face orienting and preference were 0.19 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.33) and 0.46 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.57), respectively. Face preference was associated positively with later parent-reported verbal competence (β = 0.14, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.25, P = 0.014, R2 = 0.018, N = 420). This study suggests that individual differences in young infants’ selection of perceptual input—social versus non-social—are heritable, providing a developmental perspective on gene–environment interplay occurring at the level of eye movements.
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| 4. |
- Portugal, Ana Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Pupil size and pupillary light reflex in early infancy : heritability and link to genetic liability to schizophrenia
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0021-9630 .- 1469-7610. ; 63:9, s. 1068-1077
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Measures based on pupillometry, such as the pupillary light reflex (PLR) and baseline pupil size, reflect physiological responses linked to specific neural circuits that have been implicated as atypical in some psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions.MethodsWe investigated the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the baseline pupil size and the PLR in 510 infant twins assessed at 5?months of age (281 monozygotic and 229 dizygotic pairs), and its associations with common genetic variants associated with neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and mental health (bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and schizophrenia) conditions using genome-wide polygenic scores (GPSs).ResultsUnivariate twin modelling showed high heritability at 5?months for both pupil size (h2?=?.64) and constriction in response to light (h2?=?.62), and bivariate twin modeling indicated substantial independence between the genetic factors influencing each (rG?=?.38). A statistically significant positive association between infant tonic pupil size and the GPS for schizophrenia was found (??=?.15, p?=?.024), while there was no significant association with the GPS for autism or any other GPSs.ConclusionsThis study shows that some pupil measures are highly heritable in early infancy, although substantially independent in their genetic etiologies, and associated with common genetic variants linked to schizophrenia. It illustrates how genetically informed studies of infants may help us understand early physiological responses associated with psychiatric disorders which emerge much later in life.
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| 5. |
- Valtakari, Niilo V., et al.
(författare)
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A field test of computer-vision-based gaze estimation in psychology
- 2024
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 56:3, s. 1900-1915
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Computer-vision-based gaze estimation refers to techniques that estimate gaze direction directly from video recordings of the eyes or face without the need for an eye tracker. Although many such methods exist, their validation is often found in the technical literature (e.g., computer science conference papers). We aimed to (1) identify which computer-vision-based gaze estimation methods are usable by the average researcher in fields such as psychology or education, and (2) evaluate these methods. We searched for methods that do not require calibration and have clear documentation. Two toolkits, OpenFace and OpenGaze, were found to fulfill these criteria. First, we present an experiment where adult participants fixated on nine stimulus points on a computer screen. We filmed their face with a camera and processed the recorded videos with OpenFace and OpenGaze. We conclude that OpenGaze is accurate and precise enough to be used in screen-based experiments with stimuli separated by at least 11 degrees of gaze angle. OpenFace was not sufficiently accurate for such situations but can potentially be used in sparser environments. We then examined whether OpenFace could be used with horizontally separated stimuli in a sparse environment with infant participants. We compared dwell measures based on OpenFace estimates to the same measures based on manual coding. We conclude that OpenFace gaze estimates may potentially be used with measures such as relative total dwell time to sparse, horizontally separated areas of interest, but should not be used to draw conclusions about measures such as dwell duration.
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| 6. |
- Valtakari, Niilo V., et al.
(författare)
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Eye tracking in human interaction : Possibilities and limitations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Nature. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 53:4, s. 1592-1608
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a long history of interest in looking behavior during human interaction. With the advance of (wearable) video-based eye trackers, it has become possible to measure gaze during many different interactions. We outline the different types of eye-tracking setups that currently exist to investigate gaze during interaction. The setups differ mainly with regard to the nature of the eye-tracking signal (head- or world-centered) and the freedom of movement allowed for the participants. These features place constraints on the research questions that can be answered about human interaction. We end with a decision tree to help researchers judge the appropriateness of specific setups.
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| 7. |
- Valtakari, Niilo V., et al.
(författare)
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Eye Tracking in Human Interaction : Possibilities and Limitations
- 2020
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Ingår i: Companion Publicaton of the 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (ICMI '20 Companion). - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450380027 ; , s. 508-508
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 8. |
- Viktorsson, Charlotte
(författare)
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Eyes on social development : Aetiology of infant gaze patterns and links to later socio-communicative abilities and autism
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Already at a very early age, infants preferentially attend to social stimuli. Although this is believed to be important for later social cognition and learning, little is known about the aetiology of infant social attention and associations to later abilities.In this thesis, I used eye tracking to study the influence of genes and environment on individual differences in different aspects of social attention, and developmental outcomes across different domains in toddlerhood in relation to both typical and atypical development. In Study I, the influence of genes and environment on the preference for looking at eyes versus mouth (eye-mouth-index) was assessed in 5-month-old twins. The eye-mouth-index was highly heritable, and a stronger tendency to look at the eyes was associated with later language comprehension. In Study II, sustained attention to faces was assessed in the same sample of infants, and found to be moderately heritable. Longer sustained attention was associated with more socio-communicative behaviours in toddlerhood. In Study III, videos of children interacting were shown to 18-month-olds with and without an elevated likelihood of autism. At specific time intervals in the videos, there was a significant difference in gaze allocation between the toddlers who did and did not receive an autism diagnosis later in childhood.The findings of this thesis suggest that both sustained attention to faces and eye versus mouth preference are heritable, meaning that young infants may select their environment based on their genotype, by looking at different aspects of a scene or a face. Being exposed to different types of input might influence later development, and these results indicate that social attention is associated with later social and communicative abilities, as well as later autism. In summary, this thesis contributes to the understanding of early social attention and how different aspects of this phenomenon are related to later development.
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| 9. |
- Viktorsson, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic and environmental contributions to gaze lateralization across social and non-social stimuli in human infants
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A tendency to look at the left side of faces from the observer’s point of view has been found in older children and adults, but it is not known when this face-specific left gaze bias develops and what factors may influence individual differences in gaze lateralization. Therefore, the aims of this study were to estimate gaze lateralization during face observation and to more broadly estimate lateralization tendencies across a wider set of social and non-social stimuli, in early infancy. In addition, we aimed to estimate the influence of genetic and environmental factors on lateralization of gaze. We studied gaze lateralization in 592 5-month-old twins (282 females, 330 monozygotic twins) by recording their gaze while viewing faces and two other types of stimuli that consisted of either collections of dots (non-social stimuli) or faces interspersed with objects (mixed stimuli). A right gaze bias was found when viewing faces, and this measure was moderately heritable (A = 0.38, 95% CI 0.24; 0.50). A left gaze bias was observed in the non-social condition, while a right gaze bias was found in the mixed condition, suggesting that there is no general left gaze bias at this age. Genetic influence on individual differences in gaze lateralization was only found for the tendency to look at the right versus left side of faces, suggesting genetic specificity of lateralized gaze when viewing faces.
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| 10. |
- Viktorsson, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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How 18-month-olds with Later Autism Look at Other Children Interacting : The Timing of Gaze Allocation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of autism and developmental disorders. - : Springer Nature. - 0162-3257 .- 1573-3432.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When observing other people during naturally paced and dynamic interactions, it is essential to look at specific locations at the right time to extract a maximum of socially informative content. In this study, we aimed to investigate the looking behavior of typically developing toddlers and toddlers later diagnosed with autism when observing other children interact. The sample consisted of 98 toddlers; 22 in a low-likelihood of autism group, 60 in an elevated likelihood of autism group who did not receive a subsequent diagnosis, and 16 in an elevated likelihood group who did receive an autism diagnosis. Participants performed an eye tracking task at 18 months of age and were assessed for diagnostic outcome at 36 months. The video stimuli consisted of two children interacting, where a boy reaches out for a toy and a girl refuses to give it to him. The low likelihood group showed an expected increase in ratio of looking at the girl’s face after the boy requested the toy, as compared to before (t(21) = -3.337, p = .003). Toddlers with later autism showed a significantly lower ratio of looking at the girl’s face during this time window, as compared to the other groups (F(2,91) = 3.698, p = .029). These findings provide new leads on how social gaze may be different in children with autism in everyday life (e.g., kindergarten), and highlight the need of studying the dynamics of gaze on short time scales.
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