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| 2. |
- Aliahmad, Abdulhamid, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge evolution within human urine recycling technological innovation system (TIS): Focus on technologies for recovering plant-essential nutrients
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 379
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adopting urine-recycling technologies can support a transition to circular nutrient management systems. Although these technologies have been developed since the 1990s, their large-scale implementation remains limited. From a technological innovation system (TIS) perspective, "knowledge development and diffusion" is a critical function in the development phase. Yet, available methods in the literature to evaluate this function are not standardized. Hence, this study aims to fill this literature gap by developing a novel multi-criteria framework for evaluating knowledge functions. Several characteristics of emerging technologies are reflected in the criteria, including the rate of growth, novelty, diffusion, and relationship to incumbent systems. The knowledge base was measured by bibliometric analysis of publications obtained from comprehensive mapping. Results showed that the rate of publications and knowledge diffusion increased sharply in 2011-2021 compared to 1990-2010. However, the function still has insufficiency in some criteria. The lack of innovation in scientific research and the diversification of technologies were found to be impediments. The analysis also identified the lock-in of con-ventional technologies and centralized infrastructures in terms of publication dominance as another impediment. For the TIS to be legitimate and to grow, more pilot-scale implementations at a higher level are recommended to demonstrate that the technology works in practice.
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| 3. |
- Alipour, Nazanin, et al.
(författare)
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A Protein-Based Material from a New Approach Using Whole Defatted Larvae, and Its Interaction with Moisture
- 2019
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Ingår i: Polymers. - : MDPI. - 2073-4360. ; 11:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A protein-based material created from a new approach using whole defatted larvae of the Black Soldier fly is presented. The larvae turn organic waste into their own biomass with high content of protein and lipids, which can be used as animal feed or for material production. After removing the larva lipid and adding a plasticizer, the ground material was compression molded into plates/films. The lipid, rich in saturated fatty acids, can be used in applications such as lubricants. The amino acids present in the greatest amounts were the essential amino acids aspartic acid/asparagine and glutamic acid/glutamine. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that the protein material had a high amount of strongly hydrogen-bonded beta-sheets, indicative of a highly aggregated protein. To assess the moisture-protein material interactions, the moisture uptake was investigated. The moisture uptake followed a BET type III moisture sorption isotherm, which could be fitted to the Guggenheim, Anderson and de Boer (GAB) equation. GAB, in combination with cluster size analysis, revealed that the water clustered in the material already at a low moisture content and the cluster increased in size with increasing relative humidity. The clustering also led to a peak in moisture diffusivity at an intermediate moisture uptake.
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| 7. |
- Ciuk Karlsson, Susanna, et al.
(författare)
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Simulation and verification of hydraulic properties and organic matter degradation in sand filters for greywater treatment
- 2015
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Ingår i: Water Science and Technology. - : IWA Publishing. - 0273-1223 .- 1996-9732. ; 71, s. 426-433
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To evaluate the treatment performance of vertical flow sand filters, the HYDRUS wetland module was used to simulate treatment in an experimental set-up. The laboratory filters were intermittently dosed with artificial greywater at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.032 m(3) m(-2) day(-1) and an organic loading rate of 0.014 kg BOD5 m(-2) day(-1). The hydraulic properties of the filter were characterised, as were inflow and outflow concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia, nitrate and total nitrogen. The inverse simulation function of the HYDRUS software was used to calibrate the water flow model. The observed effect of water flowing faster along the column wall was included in the inverse simulations. The biokinetic model was calibrated by fitting heterotrophic biomass growth to measurements of potential respiration rate. Emphasis was put on simulating outflow concentrations of organic pollutants. The simulations were conducted using three models of varying degree of calibration effort and output accuracy. The effluent concentration was 245 mg COD L-1 for the laboratory filters, 134 mg COD mg L-1 for the model excluding wall flow effects and 338 mg COD mg L-1 for the model including wall flow effects.
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| 8. |
- Cossio Grageda, Claudia, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of treatment plant management on human health and ecological risks from wastewater irrigation in developing countries–case studies from Cochabamba, Bolivia
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Health Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0960-3123 .- 1369-1619. ; 31:4, s. 355-373
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wastewater irrigation is a common practice in developing countries due to water scarcity and increasing demand for food production. However, there are health risks and ecological risks associated with this practice. Small-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) intend to decrease these risks but still face management challenges. This study assessed how the management status of five small-scale WWTPs in Cochabamba, Bolivia affects health risks associated with consumption of lettuce and ecological risks due to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil for lettuce and maize crops. Risk simulations for three wastewater irrigation scenarios were: raw wastewater, actual effluent and expected effluent. Results showed that weak O&M practices can increase risk outcomes to higher levels than irrigating with raw wastewater. Improving O&M to achieve optimal functioning of small-scale WWTPs can reduce human health risks and ecological risks up to 2 log10 DALY person−1 year−1 and to 2 log10 kg nitrogen ha−1 accumulated in soil, respectively.
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| 9. |
- Dalahmeh, Sahar, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of changing hydraulic and organic loading rates on pollutant reduction in bark, charcoal and sand filters treating greywater
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 132, s. 338-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Greywater flows and concentrations vary greatly, so evaluation and prediction of the response of on-site treatment filters to variable loading regimes is challenging. The performance of 0.6 m x 0.2 m (height x diameter) filters of bark, activated charcoal and sand in reduction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (Tot-N) and total phosphorus (Tot-P) under variable loading regimes was investigated and modelled. During seven runs, the filters were fed with synthetic greywater at hydraulic loading rates (HLR) of 32-128 L m-2 day-1 and organic loading rates (OLR) of 13-76 g BOD5 m-2 day-1. Based on the changes in HLR and OLR, the reduction in pollutants was modelled using multiple linear regression. The models showed that increasing the HLR from 32 to 128 L m-2 day-1 decreased COD reduction in the bark filters from 74 to 40%, but increased COD reduction in the charcoal and sand filters from 76 to 90% and 65 to 83%, respectively. Moreover, the models showed that increasing the OLR from 13 to 76 g BOD5 m-2 day -1 enhanced the pollutant reduction in all filters except for Tot-P in the bark filters, which decreased slightly from 81 to 73%. Decreasing the HLR from 128 to 32 L m-2 day-1 enhanced the pollutant reduction in all filters, but decreasing the OLR from 76 to 14 g BOD5 m-2 day-1 detached biofilm and decreased the Tot-N and Tot-P reduction in the bark and sand filters. Overall, the bark filters had the capacity to treat high OLR, while the charcoal filters had the capacity to treat high HLR and high OLR. Both bark and charcoal filters had higher capacity than sand filters in dealing with high and variable loads. Bark seems to be an attractive substitute for sand filters in settings short in water and its effluent would be valuable for irrigation, while charcoal filters should be an attractive alternative for settings both rich and short in water supply and when environmental eutrophication has to be considered.
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| 10. |
- Dalahmeh, Sahar, et al.
(författare)
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Efficiency of Bark, Activated Charcoal, Foam and Sand Filters in Reducing Pollutants from Greywater
- 2012
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 223:7, s. 3657-3671
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Greywater is a potential resource of water that can be improved to meet the quality needed for irrigation. This study evaluated the performance of bark, activated charcoal, polyurethane foam and sand filters in removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), surfactants, phosphorus, nitrogen and microbial indicators from greywater during start-up and steady state. In column experiments, 0.6 m high filters (diameter 20 cm) were fed for 113 days with artificial greywater at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.032 m(3) m(-2) day(-1) and an organic loading rate of 0.014 kg BOD5 m(-2) day(-1). Bark and activated charcoal efficiently reduced the concentrations of organics (BOD5), surfactants (methylene blue active substances-MBAS), total phosphorus (Tot-P) and total thermotolerant coliform numbers, while sand and foam were less efficient. Bark, activated charcoal, foam and sand reduced influent BOD5 by 98, 97, 37 and 75 %; MBAS by > 99, > 99, 73 and 96 %; Tot-P by 97, 91, 36 and 78 %; and total nitrogen by 19, 98, 13 and 5 %, respectively. BOD5 and MBAS were efficiently reduced directly from start-up by bark and activated charcoal, while foam needed 30 days to achieve about 50 % reduction in BOD5. Bark was the most efficient filter in reducing thermotolerant faecal coliforms (2.4 log(10)), while foam achieved the lowest reduction (0.5 log(10)). Overall, bark and activated charcoal filters appeared to be the most suitable filters for improving greywater quality to reach irrigation quality in terms of organic matter reduction. Performance of these filters under higher and fluctuating loadings and the long-term sustainability of the filter materials need further investigation.
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