| 1. |
- de Boer, NKH, et al.
(author)
-
6-thioguanine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease : A critical appraisal by a European 6-TG working party
- 2006
-
In: Digestion. - : S. Karger AG. - 0012-2823 .- 1421-9867. ; 73:1, s. 25-31
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recently, the suggestion to use 6-thioguanine (6-TG) as an alternative thiopurine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been discarded due to reports about possible (hepato) toxicity. During meetings arranged in Vienna and Prague in 2004, European experts applying 6-TG further on in IBD patients presented data on safety and efficacy of 6-TG. After thorough evaluation of its risk-benefit ratio, the group consented that 6-TG may still be considered as a rescue drug in stringently defined indications in IBD, albeit restricted to a clinical research setting. As a potential indication for administering 6-TG, we delineated the requirement for maintenance therapy as well as intolerance and/or resistance to aminosalicylates, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate and infliximab. Furthermore, indications are preferred in which surgery is thought to be inappropriate. The standard 6-TG dosage should not exceed 25 mg daily. Routine laboratory controls are mandatory in short intervals. Liver biopsies should be performed after 6-12 months, three years and then three-yearly accompanied by gastroduodenoscopy, to monitor for potential hepatotoxicity, including nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) and veno-occlusive disease (VOD). Treatment with 6-TG must be discontinued in case of overt or histologically proven hepatotoxicity. Copyright (c) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel.
|
|
| 2. |
- Giele, Walter, et al.
(author)
-
The QCD / SM working group: Summary report
- 2002
-
In: Physics at TeV colliders. Proceedings, Euro Summer School, Les Houches, France, May 21-June 1, 2001. ; , s. 275-426, s. 275-426
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)
|
|
| 3. |
- Arnold, Cord L., et al.
(author)
-
Spatiotemporal coupling of attosecond pulses
- 2019
-
In: 2019 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and European Quantum Electronics Conference, CLEO/Europe-EQEC 2019. - 9781728104690 ; Part F140-CLEO_Europe 2019
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Attosecond pulses in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral range are today routinely generated via high-order harmonic generation (HHG), when intense ultrashort laser pulses are focused into a gaseous generation medium. The effect is most easily understood in a semi-classical picture [1]. An electron can tunnel ionize from the distorted atomic potential, pick up kinetic energy in the laser field, potentially return to its parent ion and recombine. The excess energy is emitted as XUV photon. The process repeats for every half-cycle of the driving field, resulting in a train of attosecond pulses and in the frequency domain in the well-known, odd-order comb of harmonics. Two main families of electron trajectories leading to the same photon energy can be distinguished into 'short' and 'long', according to their time of travel in the continuum. Due to the complicated nature of the HHG process, attosecond pulses usually cannot be separated into their temporal and spatial profiles, but instead have strong chromatic aberration and are spatio-temporally coupled [2-4].
|
|
| 4. |
- Aro, Rudolf, 1992-, et al.
(author)
-
Fluorine mass balance analysis of selected environmental samples from Norway
- 2021
-
In: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 283
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The presence of unidentified organofluorine compounds (UOF) has been investigated in recent publication, but their environmental occurrence is still poorly understood. Fluorine mass balance analysis was performed on environmental samples from lake Mjøsa and river Alna (surface water (n = 9), sediment (n = 5) and fish liver (n = 4)) and sewage samples from Oslo (n = 5), to reveal to the fraction of UOF. In samples that had extractable organofluorine (EOF) concentrations above the limit of detection (LoD), more than 70% of their EOF could not be accounted for by the 37 PFAS monitored in this study. The surface water samples from lake Mjøsa had EOF concentrations several times higher than what has been reported elsewhere in Nordic nations. The flux of EOF in river Alna and selected sewage pipes revealed that it was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the flux of the measured PFAS. The elevated concentrations of EOF in all samples pose a potential health and environmental hazard, as their composition remains mostly unknown.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Wikmark, Hampus, et al.
(author)
-
Spatiotemporal coupling of attosecond pulses
- 2019
-
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424. ; 116:11, s. 4779-4787
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The shortest light pulses produced to date are of the order of a few tens of attoseconds, with central frequencies in the extreme UV range and bandwidths exceeding tens of electronvolts. They are often produced as a train of pulses separated by half the driving laser period, leading in the frequency domain to a spectrum of high, odd-order harmonics. As light pulses become shorter and more spectrally wide, the widely used approximation consisting of writing the optical waveform as a product of temporal and spatial amplitudes does not apply anymore. Here, we investigate the interplay of temporal and spatial properties of attosecond pulses. We show that the divergence and focus position of the generated harmonics often strongly depend on their frequency, leading to strong chromatic aberrations of the broadband attosecond pulses. Our argument uses a simple analytical model based on Gaussian optics, numerical propagation calculations, and experimental harmonic divergence measurements. This effect needs to be considered for future applications requiring highquality focusing while retaining the broadband/ultrashort characteristics of the radiation.
|
|
