| 1. |
- Anderson, Leif G, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Arctic ocean shelf–basin interaction: An active continental shelf CO2 pump and its impact on the degree of calcium carbonate solubility
- 2010
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Ingår i: Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-0637. ; 57:7, s. 869-879
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Arctic Ocean has wide shelf areas with extensive biological activity including a high primary productivity and an active microbial loop within the surface sediment. This in combination with brine production during sea ice formation result in the decay products exiting from the shelf into the deep basin typically at a depth of about 150 m and over a wide salinity range centered around S 33. We present data from the Beringia cruise in 2005 along a section in the Canada Basin from the continental margin north of Alaska towards the north and from the International Siberian Shelf Study in 2008 (ISSS-08) to illustrate the impact of these processes. The water rich in decay products, nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), exits the shelf not only from the Chukchi Sea, as has been shown earlier, but also from the East Siberian Sea. The excess of DIC found in the Canada Basin in a depth range of about 50–250 m amounts to 90±40 g C m−2. If this excess is integrated over the whole Canadian Basin the excess equals 320±140×1012 g C. The high DIC concentration layer also has low pH and consequently a low degree of calcium carbonate saturation, with minimum aragonite values of 60% saturation and calcite values just below saturation. The mean age of the waters in the top 300 m was calculated using the transit time distribution method. By applying a future exponential increase of atmospheric CO2 the invasion of anthropogenic carbon into these waters will result in an under-saturated surface water with respect to aragonite by the year 2050, even without any freshening caused by melting sea ice or increased river discharge.
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| 2. |
- Anderson, Leif G, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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East Siberian Sea, an Arctic region of very high biogeochemical activity
- 2011
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. ; 8, s. 1745-1754
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shelf seas are among the most active biogeochemical marine environments and the East Siberian Sea is a prime example. This sea is supplied by seawater from both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and has a substantial input of river runoff. All of these waters contribute chemical constituents, dissolved and particulate, but of different signatures. Sea ice formation during the winter season and melting in the summer has a major impact on physical as well as biogeochemical conditions. The internal circulation and water mass distribution is significantly influenced by the atmospheric pressure field. The western region is dominated by input of river runoff from the Laptev Sea and an extensive input of terrestrial organic matter. The microbial decay of this organic matter produces carbon dioxide (CO2) that oversaturates all waters from the surface to bottom relative to atmospheric level, even when primary production, inferred from low surface water nutrients, has occurred. The eastern surface waters were under-saturated with respect to CO2 illustrating the dominance of marine primary production. The drawdown of dissolved inorganic carbon equals a primary production of ~0.8 ± 2 mol C m−2, which when multiplied by half the area of the East Siberian Sea, ~500 000 km2, results in an annual primary production of 0.4 (± 1) × 1012 mol C or ~4 (± 10) × 1012 gC. Microbial decay occurs through much of the water column, but dominates at the sediment interface where the majority of organic matter ends up, thus more of the decay products are recycled to the bottom water. High nutrient concentrations and fugacity of CO2 and low oxygen and pH were observed in the bottom waters. Another signature of organic matter decomposition, methane (CH4), was observed in very high but variable concentrations. This is due to its seabed sources of glacial origin or modern production from ancient organic matter, becoming available due to sub-sea permafrost thaw and formation of so-called taliks. The decay of organic matter to CO2 as well as oxidation of CH4 to CO2 contribute to a natural ocean acidification making the saturation state of calcium carbonate low, resulting in under-saturation of all the bottom waters with respect to aragonite and large areas of under-saturation down to 50 % with respect to calcite. Hence, conditions for calcifying organisms are very unfavorable.
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| 3. |
- Anderson, Leif G, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Out-gassing of CO2 from Siberian Shelf seas by terrestrial organic matter decomposition
- 2009
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Ingår i: Geophys. Res. Lett.. ; 36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Siberian shelf seas cover large shallow areas that receive substantial amounts of river discharge. The river runoff contributes nutrients that promote marine primary production, but also dissolved and particulate organic matter. The coastal regions are built up of organic matter in permafrost that thaws and result in coastal erosion and addition of organic matter to the sea. Hence there are multiple sources of organic matter that through microbial decomposition result in high partial pressures of CO2 in the shelf seas. By evaluating data collected from the Laptev and East Siberian Seas in the summer of 2008 we compute an excess of DIC equal to 10 · 1012 g C that is expected to be outgassed to the atmosphere and suggest that this excess mainly is caused by terrestrial organic matter decomposition.
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| 4. |
- Anderson, Leif G, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Source and formation of the upper halocline of the Arctic Ocean
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 118:1, s. 410-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The upper halocline of the Arctic Ocean has a distinct chemical signature with high nutrient concentrations as well as low oxygen and pH values. This signature is formed in the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas, by a combination of mineralization of organic matter and release of decay products to the sea ice brine enriched bottom water. Salinity and total alkalinity data show that the fraction of sea ice brine in the nutrient enriched upper halocline water in the central Arctic Ocean is up to 4%. In the East Siberian Sea the bottom waters with exceptional high nutrient concentration and low pH have typically between 5 and 10% of sea ice brine as computed from salinity and oxygen-18 values. On the continental slope, over bottom depths of 15-200 m, the brine contribution was 6% at the nutrient maximum depth (50-100 m). At the same location as well as over the deeper basin the silicate maximum was found over a wider salinity range than traditionally found in the Canada Basin, in agreement with earlier observations east of the Chukchi Plateau. A detailed evaluation of the chemical and the temperature-salinity properties suggests at least two different areas for the formation of the nutrient rich halocline within the East Siberian Sea. This has not been observed before 2004 and it could be a sign of a changing marine climate in the East Siberian Sea, caused by more open water in the summer season followed by more sea ice formation and brine production in the fall/winter.
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| 5. |
- Pipko, I.I., et al.
(författare)
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Interannual variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes and carbon system in the East Siberian Sea
- 2011
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Ingår i: Biogeosciences. ; 8, s. 1987-2007
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past couple of decades it has become apparent that air-land-sea interactions in the Arctic have a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere (ACIA, 2004). The Arctic Ocean is small (only ~4 % of the total World Ocean), but it is surrounded by offshore and onshore permafrost which is thawing at increasing rates under warming conditions, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) into the water and atmosphere. The Arctic Ocean shelf where the most intensive biogeochemical processes have occurred occupies 1/3 of the ocean. The East Siberian Sea (ESS) shelf is the shallowest and widest shelf among the Arctic seas, and the least studied. The objective of this study was to highlight the importance of different factors that impact the carbon system (CS) as well as the CO2 flux dynamics in the ESS. CS variables were measured in the ESS in September 2003 and, 2004 and in late August–September 2008. It was shown that the western part of the ESS represents a river- and coastal-erosion-dominated heterotrophic ocean margin that is a source for atmospheric CO2. The eastern part of the ESS is a Pacific-water-dominated autotrophic area, which acts as a sink for atmospheric CO2. Our results indicate that the year-to-year dynamics of the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface water as well as the air-sea flux of CO2 varies substantially. In one year the ESS shelf was mainly heterotrophic and served as a moderate summertime source of CO2 (year 2004). In another year gross primary production exceeded community respiration in a relatively large part of the ESS and the ESS shelf was only a weak source of CO2 into the atmosphere (year 2008). It was shown that many factors impact the CS and CO2 flux dynamics (such as river runoff, coastal erosion, primary production/respiration, etc.), but they were mainly determined by the interplay and distribution of water masses that are basically influenced by the atmospheric circulation. In this contribution the air-sea CO2 fluxes were evaluated in the ESS based on measured CS characteristics, and summertime fluxes were estimated. It was shown that the total ESS shelf is a net source of CO2 for the atmosphere in a range of 0.4 × 1012 to 2.3 × 1012 g C.
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| 6. |
- Wåhlström, Irene, 1963
(författare)
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Fluxes and transformation of carbon in the Siberian shelf seas under changing environment
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Arctic is especially vulnerable to the increased air temperature caused by emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, carbon dioxide being one of them. In this thesis, both fieldwork and modelling of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea) have been carried out to investigate the carbon system in this region. Fieldwork in 2008 revealed two distinct hydrological regimes in the East Siberian Sea, one in the western area and one in the eastern area. The western area is dominated by freshwater from rivers flowing into the East Siberian Sea but also from the Lena River plume coming from the Laptev Sea. Nearly all waters in this area are supersaturated with respect to carbon dioxide compared to the atmosphere due to mineralization of substantial amounts of terrestrial organic matter coming from thawing permafrost and coastal erosion. This excess carbon dioxide may be a potential source to the atmosphere and thus increase the atmospheric greenhouse gas content, a positive feedback mechanism. The eastern area is dominated by inflow of Pacific-derived waters that are clear, salty and nutrient rich and therefore favour primary productivity. Phytoplankton consumes carbon dioxide that lowers its partial pressure (pCO2) making it undersaturated compared to the atmosphere and the Eastern East Siberian Sea becomes a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. In addition, the Laptev Sea had supersaturated pCO2 equal to an excess of dissolved inorganic carbon of around ~5 1012 gC, which is in the same order as for the Western East Siberian Sea. This excess is also a potential source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere that could enhance climate change. Modelling work with a one-dimensional, time dependent coupled physical biogeochemical model confirms this conclusion for the late summer when the pCO2 in the seawater increases due to mineralization and water mixing. Model simulations for the Laptev Sea were utilized to investigate the net annual sea-air flux caused by different forcings; doubled atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide; 4oC air temperature increase; doubling the concentration in the runoff of dissolved organic carbon or nutrients; increasing the river discharge by 25 %; increasing the wind speed by 10 % or a combination of these forcings. The result revealed decreasing uptake of carbon dioxide when changing the river properties except for the increase of nutrients when the uptake of carbon dioxide increased. The uptake also increased with the changed forcings in air temperature, wind speed and atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide, separately and in combination.
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| 7. |
- Wåhlström, Irene, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling the CO2 dynamics in the Laptev Sea, Arctic Ocean: Part II. Sensitivity of fluxes to changes in the forcing
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Marine Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-7963. ; 111-112, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Substantial increase in atmospheric temperature has been observed over the Siberian Arctic during the last decades, likely a manifestation of climate change as a result of amplified concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has raised questions about possible feedbacks to the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by processes acting in the ocean and the river drainage basins. Addressing these questions, simulations with different forcings have been performed utilizing a one-dimensional, time dependent coupled physical- biogeochemical model that has been optimized for the carbon system in the Laptev Sea of the Arctic Ocean. The forcings applied are: increased air temperature, wind or river discharge; increased concentration of dissolved organic carbon or nutrients in river runoff; increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or the runoff as well as a combination of five of these forcings. The model simulations reveal a net outgasing of CO2 from the ocean to the atmosphere when the dissolved organic carbon and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in river runoff are doubled. However, an increase in the oceans ability to take up carbon dioxide occurs if concentration of nutrients in runoff increases, which is a result of increased primary productivity. The ocean also acts as a stronger sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide when increasing the air temperature, wind speed or the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide. To reflect the conditions at the end of this century a simulation with changes of several forcings parameters were performed, i.e. with doubled atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide, 4oC temperature increase in the air, doubling the runoff dissolved organic carbon concentration, increasing the river discharge by 25 % and increasing the wind speed by 10 %. This simulation increased the uptake of the ocean by more than five times, from -0.9 ( 0.3) to -4.6 (1.3) molC m-2 y-1.
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| 8. |
- Wåhlström, Irene, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling the CO2 dynamics in the Laptev Sea, Arctic Ocean: Part I
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Marine Systems. - : Elsevier BV. - 0924-7963. ; 102-104, s. 29-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global temperature observations during the last century show that the largest increase over the last decades has been manifested in the Arctic, particularly within the Siberian region. The Arctic Ocean is a harsh region with few field studies, resulting in limited temporal and spatial resolution of hydrographical data. One way to circumvent this deficit is to utilise a model that represents processes which are known to possibly impact climate. This has been done for the carbon system in the Laptev Sea of the Arctic Ocean by utilising a one-dimensional, time dependent coupled physical-biochemical model. This model was validated by observational data of temperature, salinity, phosphate, oxygen and the carbon system. The model simulation reveals that wind pattern is essential for the exchange of dissolved inorganic carbon with the surrounding seas and the carbon dioxide exchange with the atmosphere. The latter is largely driven by the surface water partial pressure of carbon dioxide that is impacted by primary production, water temperature, vertical mixing and river runoff. The model shows that the timing of these factors is critical for the flux of carbon dioxide as is the sea ice coverage. Modelled primary production starts after the disappearance of sea ice and the spring flood has reached the area in June, it peaks in a short time and decreases slowly to negligible levels in mid September. This primary production causes an undersaturation of carbon dioxide with up to 200 mu atm during the productive season after which the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases as the carbon dioxide rich deep water mixes up into the surface layer. However, surface water partial pressure of carbon dioxide is under-saturated all through the year, except for some years when there is a short period of outgasing in the beginning of June. This outgasing occurs when the ice breaks up late and river runoff accumulates under the ice. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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