| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Hieronymus, Jenny, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Unravelling the land source : an investigation of the processes contributing to the oceanic input of DIC and alkalinity
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology. - : Stockholm University Press. - 0280-6509 .- 1600-0889. ; 65, s. 19683-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In models of the marine carbon system, it is important to correctly represent riverine and aerial inputs of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and alkalinity. We have examined the different processes contributing to this exchange. In terms of DIC, we have divided the fluxes into their internal component, constituting the carbon ultimately derived from the atmosphere, and their external component originating from rocks. We find that the only process contributing to external DIC input is carbonate and fossil carbon weathering and that erosion of organic matter ultimately constitutes a DIC sink. A number of both riverine and aerial inputs affect the alkalinity. Beside carbonate and silicate weathering, we examine processes of pyrite weathering, aerial input of sulphuric acid, and riverine and aerial inputs of various nitrogen species. Using the observation that, in the ocean, the nitrate concentration follows that of phosphate, we assume a steady state in nitrate. This leads to the surprising result that the only processes affecting the alkalinity is riverine input of nitrate, constituting an alkalinity source and input of ammonia, constituting an alkalinity sink. Furthermore, we compare the flux sizes. As expected, carbonate and silicate weathering has the largest effect on alkalinity, though we note that burial of pyrite might be of importance during periods of large-scale anoxia.
|
|
| 3. |
- Nilsson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Salinity-dominated thermohaline circulation in sill basins : can two stable equilibria exist?
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Tellus. Series A, Dynamic meteorology and oceanography. - : Stockholm University Press. - 0280-6495 .- 1600-0870. ; 62:2, s. 123-133
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dynamics of a salinity-dominated thermohaline circulation in a sill basin is examined using a two-layer model. A prescribed freshwater supply acts to establish a stable stratification, working against a prescribed destabilizing temperature difference. The upper-layer outflow is in geostrophic balance and the upwelling is driven by a fixed energy supply to small-scale vertical mixing. The salinity-dominated flow may have two qualitatively different modes of operation. First, a mixing-limited regime, where the upper layer is shallower than the sill and the flow strength decreases with increasing density difference. Second, an overmixed regime, where the upper layer extends below the sill and the flow strength increases with density difference. Possibly, mixing-limited and overmixed equilibria, with widely different upper-layer depths, can exist for the same external parameters. In such cases, transitions between the two regimes are associated with abrupt changes of the salinity, depth and flow strength. The present results may be of relevance for ocean circulation in glacial climates and for interpretations of marine palaeo data, issues that are briefly discussed in the context of the Arctic Ocean.
|
|
| 4. |
- Omstedt, Anders, 1949, et al.
(författare)
-
Use of Baltic Sea modelling to investigate the water cycle and the heat balance in GCM and regional climate models
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Climate Research. - 0936-577X .- 1616-1572. ; 15:2, s. 95-108
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results from the first simulations with the Rossby Centre regional climate atmosphere (RCA) model were used to force 2 versions of process-oriented models of the Baltic Sea-one time-dependent, the other considering the mean state. The purpose was primarily to obtain a first scenario of the future state of the Baltic Sea. In addition, we looked at this exercise as a method to evaluate the consistency of the water cycle and the heat balance produced by atmospheric climate models. The RCA model is a high-resolution atmospheric regional model which is forced with lateral conditions from a global model. A large-scale Baltic drainage basin hydrological model, forced by the RCA model, was used to simulate river runoff. Using RCA model data from the control run we found that that the temperature and ice conditions in the Baltic Sea were reasonably realistic while the salinity field was poorly reproduced. We conclude that the modelling of the water cycle needs considerable improvement. We also conclude that the time for the Baltic Sea to respond to the water cycle is much longer than the integration period so far used with the RCA model. Forcing the ocean models with RCA model data from a future scenario with an enhanced greenhouse effect gives an increased sea-surface temperature and a much reduced extent of ice in the Baltic Sea due to climate warming. Also the salinity is reduced, which implies possible serious effects on the future marine life in the Baltic Sea. The results demonstrate that accurate atmospheric modelling of not only the heat balance but also the water cycle is crucial for Baltic Sea climate simulations.
|
|
| 5. |
- Walin, Gösta, 1938, et al.
(författare)
-
Baroclinic boundary currents with downstream decreasing buoyancy: A study of an idealized Nordic Seas system
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Journal of Marine Research. - 0022-2402. ; 62:4, s. 517-543
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dynamics of a baroclinic boundary current losing buoyancy along its path is analyzed both theoretically and using a numerical ocean-circulation model. A fundamental ingredient in our analysis is that the side boundaries of the ocean basin are sloping gently down to the deep ocean. Theoretically we find that the coastal boundary current develops two branches: one seaward baroclinic jetstream and one barotropic current, which is confined to the continental slope. The baroclinic jetstream decreases its transport as the buoyancy is lost from the surface layer. This decrease in transport is compensated by an increase in the barotropic flow on the slope. When the buoyancy is lost altogether, the entire volume transport occurs in the barotropic slope current. In our numerical experiments we focus on the penetration of warm water over a sill into a cold semi-enclosed basin. The flow enters as a baroclinic current with a thickness approximately equal to the sill depth and proceeds around the basin on essentially the same depth while being transformed to a barotropic slope current which leaves the basin over the sill. It should be noted that the circulation does not involve any renewal of the deep water in the cold basin, except in the initial spin up of the system. We suggest that our results can illuminate some basic aspects of the dynamics in the Nordic Seas, which are invaded by North Atlantic surface water over the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. One striking example; is the observations reported by Orvik et al. (2001), which show that the flow of Atlantic water along the Norwegian coast has two branches: A baroclinic jetstream and a shelf-bound barotropic current. The existence of this double-flow structure is to be expected from our theoretical considerations and numerical simulations.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Walin, Gösta, 1938, et al.
(författare)
-
Source-related variables for the description of the oceanic carbon system
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 1525-2027. ; 15:9, s. 3675-3687
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The oceanic carbon system is commonly described in terms of the two state variables total carbon, DIC, and alkalinity, Alk. Here we suggest the use of alternative source adapted state variables, Acidic Carbon, AC and Basic Carbon, BC, defined by and related to (DIC, Alk) with a simple linear transformation. (AC, BC) can be interpreted as representing respectively the supply to the system of carbon dioxide and dissolved carbonate, keeping in mind that supply of hydrogen ions acts to transform from basic carbon to acidic carbon. Accordingly these variables tell us how much carbon dioxide or dissolved carbonate we actually have in the water, despite the fact that the major part of the carbon resides in bicarbonate ions. We claim that using these source-related variables as a compliment to the traditional variables, offers a number of advantages in the formulation of continuity equations, as well as in the interpretation of observations and modeling results. The traditional definition of alkalinity is related to a measuring procedure rather than to the supply of material to the system. Here we demonstrate that alkalinity, though defined in the traditional way, may be interpreted in terms of sources and sinks acting on the system. In the case of ocean water this amounts to twice the supply of dissolved carbonate minus the net supply of free hydrogen ions. We argue that this interpretation is a useful complement to the traditional definition. Every process that affects the state of the carbon system may be quantified in terms of supply of carbon dioxide, F-a, carbonate ions, F-b, or hydrogen ions, E.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
