| 1. |
- Sandström, Monica, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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A survey of electric and magnetic-fields among VDT operators in offices
- 1993
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Ingår i: IEEE transactions on electromagnetic compatibility (Print). - New York : IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC. - 0018-9375 .- 1558-187X. ; 35:3, s. 394-397
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, the ambient electric and magnetic fields as well as the electromagnetic fields associated with VDT's at 150 offices are measured. The aim of the study is to find out the general level of the various electromagnetic parameters in offices and establish a technical base for a case referent study of skin symptoms among VDT workers. The median value of the 50-Hz background field in the 150 offices is 0.07 muT. Seven of the offices have background levels higher than 0.5 muT, which is high enough to cause distortion of the picture on the screen. The dominating source for electric fields in the ELF range is electric equipment in the office, not the VDT's. The median value of the electric field in the VLF range is 1.5 V/m. The equivalent surface potential is less than 0.5 kV for 63% of the measured VDT's. The computer monitor is a major source for magnetic fields in the offices. The median value of the magnetic field in the ELF range in front of the VDT is 0.21 muT, and in the VLF range 0.03 muT.
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| 2. |
- Sandström, Monica, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Skin symptoms among VDT workers and electromagnetic-fields : a case-referent study
- 1995
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Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 5:1, s. 29-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Th is case referent study is a part of the Office illness Project in Northern Sweden. From a questionnaire study among 5986 office workers, 75 VDT workers with self-reported facial skin symptoms and the same number of referents were selected for this study. The environmental electric and magnetic fields in the office as well as electromagnetic fields associated with the VDT at the workplace were measured, The aim of this part of the project was to explore the role of the measured electromagnetic parameters in relation to skin symptoms. For most of the measured parameters there was no difference between cases and referents. However, more cases than referents were found in the highest exposure group for two of the measured parameters. Fm the background electric field in the mom the relative risk in terms of crude odds ratio (OR) was 3.0 (95% CI: 1.2-7.2) for the high exposed group (greater than or equal to 31 V/m) compared with the lowest group (less than or equal to 10 V/m). The same comparison for the magnetic field in the ELF-range (greater than or equal to 0.30 mu T vs less than or equal to 0.145 mu T) in front of the VDT gave an OR of 2.7(95% CI: 1.0-6.9).
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| 3. |
- Brännström, Inger, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Changing social patterns of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a Swedish community intervention programme
- 1993
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press. - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 22:6, s. 1026-1037
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since 1985 a small-scale community-based cardiovascular disease (CVD) preventive programme has been in operation in an inland municipality, Norsjö, in Northern Sweden. The aim of this study was to assess the development of the relationship between social position and CVD risk factors in repeated cross-sectional surveys (1985-1990) among all men and women aged 30, 40, 50 and 60 years in the study area, using an age-stratified random sample from the Northern Sweden MONICA Study of 1986 and 1990 as reference population. These multiple cross-sectional surveys comprised a self-administered questionnaire and a health examination. Of the study population 95% (n = 1499) and 80% of those in the reference area (n = 3208) participated. Subjects were classified with regard to demographic, structural and social characteristics in relation to CVD risk factors and self-reported health status. Time trends in classical risk factor occurrence were assessed in terms of age- and sex- adjusted odds ratios using Mantel-Haenszel procedures. When simultaneously adjusting for several potential confounders we used a logistic regression analysis. Initially, more than half of the study population, both males and females, had and elevated (> or = 6.5 mmol/l) serum cholesterol level. After adjustments had been made for age and social factors it was found that the relative risk of hypercholesterolaemia dropped substantially and significantly among both sexes during the 6 years of CVD intervention in the study area. However, the probability of being a smoker was significantly reduced only in highly educated groups. Among other risk factors no single statistically significant change over time could be found. In the reference area there were no changes over time for the selected CVD risk factors. People in the study area had a less favourable perception of their health than those in the reference area. Social differences were found when perceived good health was measured, especially in variables indicating emotional and social support. When sex, age and social factors had been accounted for there was not clear change over the years in perceived good health.
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| 4. |
- Brännström, Inger, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Co-operation, participation and conflicts faced in public health : lessons learned from a long-term prevention programme in Sweden
- 1994
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Ingår i: Health Education Research. - : Oxford University Press. - 0268-1153 .- 1465-3648. ; 9:3, s. 317-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A comprehensive community-based programme for prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes was established in 1985 in a small municipality in northern Sweden. A cross-sectional survey to the general public was performed and semi-structured open-ended interviews were taken of actors at different levels. Notes from official records were also included in the study. The aim was to describe and discuss some factors that promote or constrain community participation in health programmes. The results generally confirmed that the right of definition concerning the health programme mainly remained with the health professionals. Community participation was mainly defined by the actors based on the medical and health planning approach and, thereby, as a means to transform health policy plans into reality by transmitting health knowledge and increasing consciousness among the citizens of the need for changing lifestyles. However, participation as a means of identifying problems and demonstrating power relationships and as elements in promoting local democracy was hardly represented among the actors at all. Overall, the CVD health programme was characterized by consensus between the actors. Despite this, debates and arguments about interpretations, social interests, personal conflicts and ideological constraints were observed. However, a majority of the public wanted the CVD preventive programme to continue.
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| 5. |
- Brännström, Inger, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Gender and social patterning of health : the Norsjö cardiovascular preventive programme in northern Sweden 1985-1990
- 1994
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. - : Informa Plc.. - 0281-3432 .- 1502-7724. ; 12:3, s. 155-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To assess the extent to which the impact of social stratification on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors was different among men and women.DESIGN: Pooled data from six (1985-90) cross-sectional health surveys.SETTING: The intervention area is an inland municipality, Norsjö, in northern Sweden with a population of 5,300 inhabitants.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Smoking, high blood pressure, hypercholesterolaemia, and perceived health status.RESULTS: Almost half of the study population had hypercholesterolaemia (> or = 6.5 mmol/l), 19% of men and 25% of women were smokers, and 30% and 29%, respectively, had hypertension. Age had a strong impact on all outcome measures. Social factors were associated with smoking in women and with hypercholesterolaemia in men. There were no sex differences in perceived good health. The likelihood of self-assessed good health decreased with increasing risk factor load, with the exception of hypercholesterolaemia, in all social strata.CONCLUSION: The present study implies the importance of considering age, gender, and social differences in intervention and evaluation of CVD preventive programmes. The study also demonstrate that self-defined health contains important information on cardiovascular risk profile.
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| 6. |
- Brännström, Inger, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Local health planning and intervention : the case of a Swedish municipality
- 1988
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of primary health care. Supplement. - 0284-6020. ; 1, s. 57-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article attempts to illustrate the process from community diagnosis to community involvement by a case study from the north of Sweden. The case of Norsjö is one of few documented Swedish examples of a preventive program with a broad participation from the community. The results up to now are promising and further illustrate the importance of decentralized health planning and local data.
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| 7. |
- Brännström, Inger, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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Towards a framework for outcome assessment of health intervention : Conceptual and methodological considerations
- 1994
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Ingår i: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 4:2, s. 125-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We provide a framework for assessing the outcome of community-based intervention programmes for the promotion of cardiovascular health at local level. Particular attention is therefore given to conceptual components connected with community participation in health programmes and to methodological approaches in the evaluation of cardiovascular disease (CVD)-prevention programmes. In a search of the literature covering more than 20 years (1966–1988) in 2 databases (MEDLINE and SOCA), we found that the concepts of ‘community participation’ and ‘community involvement’ have mainly been used during the latter half of the study period. The concepts were often used interchangeably and with no statement as to their precise meanings. The methodological examination of 2 well-known community-based CVO-preventive programmes revealed that most of the scientific papers from these programmes dealt with health behavioural and/or medical effects. The suggested framework presented in this study is designed as a longitudinal process analysis focusing on critical key steps along the path from input to output. The suggested research strategy is problem-orientated, inter-disciplinary and based on a multi-method approach.
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| 8. |
- Byass, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Beyond 2015 : time to reposition Scandinavia in global health?
- 2013
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Ingår i: Global Health Action. - Järfälla, Sweden : CoAction Publishing. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global health currently finds itself in an exciting, almost bewildering, state of flux. A plethora of initiatives, statements, high-level meetings, and other activities are generating a continuous flow of new ideas, with the impetus at least partly driven by the advent of the 2015 target date set for the Millennium Development Goals that were adopted in 2000. Whatever shape the post-2015 global health landscape may eventually take, it is already clear that there will be new targets of some kind as the world tries to make further progress on some of the less tractable health issues.
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| 9. |
- Fantahun, Mesganaw, et al.
(författare)
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Young adult and middle age mortality in Butajira demographic surveillance site, Ethiopia : lifestyle, gender and household economy
- 2008
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Ingår i: BMC Public Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2458. ; 8, s. Article nr 268-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Public health research characterising the course of life through the middle age in developing societies is scarce. The aim of this study is to explore patterns of adult (15–64 years) mortality in an Ethiopian population over time, by gender, urban or rural lifestyle, causes of death and in relation to household economic status and decision-making.Methods The study was conducted in Butajira Demographic Surveillance Site (DSS) in south-central Ethiopia among adults 15–64 years old. Cohort analysis of surveillance data was conducted for the years 1987–2004 complemented by a prospective case-referent (case control) study over two years.Rate ratios were computed to assess the relationships between mortality and background variables using a Poisson regression model. In the case-referent component, odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) were used to assess the effect of certain risk factors that were not included in the surveillance system.Results A total of 367 940 person years were observed in a period of 18 years, in which 2 860 deaths occurred. One hundred sixty two cases and 486 matched for age, sex and place of residence controls were included in the case referent (case control) study. Only a modest downward trend in adult mortality was seen over the 18 year period. Rural lifestyle carried a significant survival disadvantage [mortality rate ratio 1.62 (95% CI 1.44 to 1.82), adjusted for gender, period and age group], while the overall effects of gender were negligible. Communicable disease mortality was appreciably higher in rural areas [rate ratio 2.05 (95% CI 1.73 to 2.44), adjusted for gender, age group and period]. Higher mortality was associated with a lack of literacy in a household, poor economic status and lack of women's decision making.Conclusion A complex pattern of adult mortality prevails, still influenced by war, famine and communicable diseases. Individual factors such as a lack of education, low economic status and social disadvantage all contribute to increased risks of mortality.
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| 10. |
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