| 1. |
- Cervin, Jakob, et al.
(författare)
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GM1 ganglioside-independent intoxication by Cholera toxin
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLoS Pathogens. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7366 .- 1553-7374. ; 14:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cholera toxin (CT) enters and intoxicates host cells after binding cell surface receptors via its B subunit (CTB). We have recently shown that in addition to the previously described binding partner ganglioside GM1, CTB binds to fucosylated proteins. Using flow cytometric analysis of primary human jejunal epithelial cells and granulocytes, we now show that CTB binding correlates with expression of the fucosylated Lewis X (LeX) glycan. This binding is competitively blocked by fucosylated oligosaccharides and fucose-binding lectins. CTB binds the LeX glycan in vitro when this moiety is linked to proteins but not to ceramides, and this binding can be blocked by mAb to LeX. Inhibition of glycosphingolipid synthesis or sialylation in GM1-deficient C6 rat glioma cells results in sensitization to CT-mediated intoxication. Finally, CT gavage produces an intact diarrheal response in knockout mice lacking GM1 even after additional reduction of glycosphingolipids. Hence our results show that CT can induce toxicity in the absence of GM1 and support a role for host glycoproteins in CT intoxication. These findings open up new avenues for therapies to block CT action and for design of detoxified enterotoxin-based adjuvants.
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| 2. |
- Flodin, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Wearable Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Quadriceps Muscle Can Increase Venous Flow
- 2023
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Ingår i: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. - 0090-6964 .- 1573-9686. ; 51:12, s. 2873-2882
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the quadriceps (Q) may increase venous blood flow to reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism. This study assessed whether Q-NMES pants could increase peak venous velocity (PVV) in the femoral vein using Doppler ultrasound and minimize discomfort. On 15 healthy subjects, Q-NMES using textile electrodes integrated in pants was applied with increasing intensity (mA) until the first visible muscle contraction [measurement level (ML)-I] and with an additional increase of six NMES levels (ML II). Discomfort using a numeric rating scale (NRS, 0–10) and PVV were used to assess different NMES parameters: frequency (1, 36, 66 Hz), ramp-up/-down time (RUD) (0, 1 s), plateau time (1.5, 4, and 6 s), and on:off duty cycle (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4). Q-NMES pants significantly increased PVV from baseline with 93% at ML I and 173% at ML II. Frequencies 36 Hz and 66 Hz and no RUD resulted in significantly higher PVV at both MLs compared to 1 Hz and 1 s RUD, respectively. Plateau time, and duty cycle did not significantly change PVV. Discomfort was only significantly higher with increasing intensity and frequency. Q-NMES pants produces intensity-dependent 2−3-fold increases of venous blood flow with minimal discomfort. The superior NMES parameters were a frequency of 36 Hz, 0 s RUD, and intensity at ML II. Textile-based NMES wearables are promising for non-episodic venous thromboembolism prevention.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Laun, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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A Life Cycle Model of Health and Retirement : The Case of Swedish Pension Reform
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 127, s. 127-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden is one of the few Western economies to have undertaken a large pension re-form in recent years. This was done with great expectations, but little formal analy-sis. In this paper we develop a life cycle labor supply model to quantify the predictedlabor supply implications of this reform. In our framework, individuals choose whento stop working and, given eligibility criteria, when/if to apply for disability andpension benefits. Agents are heterogeneous in skills and receive exogenous shocksto health throughout their life. We find that the new pension system creates largeincentives for the continued employment of older workers. This is promising newsfor countries grappling with pension reform, and indicates that there are significantlessons to be learned from the Swedish case.
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| 5. |
- Laun, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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A Life Cycle Model of Health and Retirement : The Case of Swedish Pension Reform
- 2012
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper we develop a life cycle model of labor supply and retirement to study the interactions between health and the labor supply behavior of older workers, in particular disability insurance and pension claiming. In our framework, individuals choose when to stop working and, given eligibility criteria, when/if to apply for disability and pension benefits. Individuals care about their health and can partially insure against health shocks by investing in health. We use the model to study the labor supply implications of the recent Swedish pension reform. We find that the new pension system creates big incentives for the continued employment of older workers. In particular, the model predicts an increase in the average retirement age of more than two years.
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| 6. |
- Laun, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Effekter av den svenska pensionsreformen för äldre arbetstagare
- 2013
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - 0345-2646. ; 1:41, s. 28-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna artikel studerar vi samspelet mellan hälsa, sjukersättning och ålders-pensionsförmåner. Vi konstruerar en livscykelmodell för arbetsutbud och pen-sion, där de viktigaste ingredienserna är att individer väljer när de ska slutaarbeta och, utifrån urvalskriterierna, om och när de ansöker om sjukersättningoch pensionsförmåner. Sverige är ett av få länder som faktiskt har genomförten omfattande pensionsreform, och vi använder vårt ramverk för att studerakonsekvenserna av den senaste svenska pensionsreformen för arbetsutbudet.Vi finner att den svenska pensionsreformen skapar stora incitament för äldrearbetstagare att arbeta längre.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Laun, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Having It All? Employment, Earnings and Children
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden boasts high fertility and high female employment. However, part-time employmentis very prevalent. There is a notable gender gap in both wages and earnings,which widens substantially after women have children. In this paper we studythe effect of family policies on female employment, fertility and the gender wagegap. To this end, we develop a structural, life cycle model of heterogeneous householdswhich features endogenous labor supply, human capital accumulation, fertilityand home production. We find that family policies, such as subsidized daycare andpart-time work options, promote maternal employment and fertility. Part-time workcontributes greatly to the widening of the gender wage gap following the arrival ofchildren. However, restricting part-time work options would lower maternal employment, and thereby also widen the gender wage gap.
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| 9. |
- Laun, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Health, Longevity and Pension Reform
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, we study alternative pension reforms designed to achieve fiscal sustainabilityin the face of demographic change. We are particularly interested in theheterogeneous effects across demographic groups, as improvements in health andlongevity have not been uniform across the population. To this end, we develop a dynamic,structural life cycle model of heterogeneous agents who face health, mortalityand income risk. We consider the following policy reform measures: (1) increasingthe early access age to pensions, (2) raising income taxes, (3) lowering pension benefitsand (4) lowering pension and disability benefits. We find that, of the consideredpolicies, proportionally lowering pension and disability benefits results in the highestaverage welfare and the lowest degree of inequality. It is also successful at boostingemployment, particularly among the less educated.
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| 10. |
- Laun, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Health, longevity and pension reform
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, we study alternative pension reforms designed to achieve fiscal sustainability in the face of demographic change. We are particularly interested in the heterogeneous effects across demographic groups, as improvements in health and longevity have not been uniform across the population. To this end, we develop a dynamic, structural life cycle model of heterogeneous agents who face health, mortality and income risk. We consider the following policy reform measures: (1) increasing the early access age to pensions, (2) raising income taxes, (3) lowering pension benefits and (4) lowering pension and disability benefits. We find that, of the considered policies, proportionally lowering pension and disability benefits results in the highest average welfare and the lowest degree of inequality. It is also successful at boosting employment, particularly among the less educated.
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