| 1. |
- Faithfull, Carolyn
(författare)
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Ekosystemtjänstanalyser som stöd för en regional ekosystembaserad havsförvaltning : Erfarenheter från tre pilotområden: 8-fjordar, Stockholms skärgård och Södra Bottenhavet
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Kartläggning och analys av ekosystemtjänster är viktiga verktyg för att synliggöra människans relation till och beroende av ekosystemet. De kan till exempel påvisa samband mellan processer i ekosystemet och samhället, och användas som underlag för att diskutera avvägningar mellan olika mål och intressen. I ekosystembaserad havsförvaltning kan diskussioner om ekosystemtjänster öka aktörers förståelse för ekosystemet som grund för vårt nyttjande av havet. De kan också stödja åtgärdsarbete och strategisk planering. Här presenterar vi analyser av ekosystemtjänster som tagits fram som underlag för en regional ekosystembaserad havsförvaltning i Södra Bottenhavet, Stockholms skärgård och området 8+fjordar i Bohuslän. Vi har dels använt två olika metoder för att kartlägga utbredningen av ekosystemtjänster och associerade nyttigheter i pilotområden - en naturbaserad metod som utgår från utbredningen av ekosystemkomponenter och en öppen GIS-metod för att samla in lokal kunskap om ekosystemtjänster från intressenter och allmänhet.Den naturbaserade kartläggningen gjordes för Södra Bottenhavet och Stockholms skärgård. Studien hade som mål att utveckla och testa en metod för att kartlägga kustnära ekosystemtjänster utifrån kartor av arter och livsmiljöer och utvärdera hur metoden kan användas för ekosystembaserad planering. Vi har gjort en bedömning av vilka ekosystemtjänster som är relevanta att kartlägga med metoden i dessa områden och vilka arter och livsmiljöer som främst kan förväntas bidra till dessa tjänster. För att lätt kunna dela resultaten har vi utvecklat en app som tillåter en användare att ta fram potentiella ekosystemtjänstkartor utifrån kartor över arter och livsmiljöer. Som nästa steg behöver appen utvärderas tillsammans med användare, för att testa användbarhet och vidare utvecklingsbehov.Öppen-GIS-analysen gjordes inom projektet 8+fjordar, där intressenter och allmänhet bjöds in till workshops för att beskriva sin syn på områdets värden och vad som påverkar miljön i området. De resulterande GIS-lagren ger en bild av hur användare av det lokala ekosystemet uppfattar sin närmiljö och vilka ekosystemtjänster de värdesätter och nyttjar. En initial utvärdering visar att resultaten kan användas till exempel för att identifiera platser där det finns konflikter mellan olika användningar av havet och peka ut behov av åtgärder för att lösa dessa konflikter. Processen att ta fram underlagen bidrog dessutom till ett gemensamt lärande inom projektet.Den tredje metoden som vi har använt är en enkät- och intervjustudie för att undersöka markägares attityder och preferenser i samband med åtgärdsarbete i Stockholms skärgård. Den här studien fokuserade på vilka ekosystemtjänster och nyttigheter markägare värdesätter i naturtypen grunda havsvikar. Resultatet kompletterar kunskapen om människans förhållande till denna naturtyp och lägger en viktig grund för att inkludera sociala mål och indikatorer i arbetet för att skydda och restaurera grunda havsvikar.Ekosystemtjänster är fortfarande ett abstrakt begrepp för många och rapporten syftar till att genom exempel synliggöra hur ekosystemtjänster kan användas för att stödja en långsiktigt hållbar förvaltning av kustområden. Att ta hänsyn till det komplexa samspelet mellan människa och natur är en central del av ekosystembaserad förvaltning. Våra tre exempel fyller delvis olika syften inom denna komplexitet. De kan användas individuellt för särskilda ändamål eller komplettera varandra. I samtliga fall är det viktigt att arbeta nära aktörer för att tydligt definiera behov, syften, och säkerställa att de slutliga resultaten blir lokalt användbara.
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| 2. |
- Nordlund, Lina Mtwana, et al.
(författare)
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One hundred priority questions for advancing seagrass conservation in Europe
- 2024
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Ingår i: PLANTS PEOPLE PLANET. - 2572-2611.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Societal Impact StatementSeagrass ecosystems are of fundamental importance to our planet and wellbeing. Seagrasses are marine flowering plants, which engineer ecosystems that provide a multitude of ecosystem services, for example, blue foods and carbon sequestration. Seagrass ecosystems have largely been degraded across much of their global range. There is now increasing interest in the conservation and restoration of these systems, particularly in the context of the climate emergency and the biodiversity crisis. The collation of 100 questions from experts across Europe could, if answered, improve our ability to conserve and restore these systems by facilitating a fundamental shift in the success of such work.SummarySeagrass meadows provide numerous ecosystem services including biodiversity, coastal protection, and carbon sequestration. In Europe, seagrasses can be found in shallow sheltered waters along coastlines, in estuaries & lagoons, and around islands, but their distribution has declined. Factors such as poor water quality, coastal modification, mechanical damage, overfishing, land-sea interactions, climate change and disease have reduced the coverage of Europe's seagrasses necessitating their recovery. Research, monitoring and conservation efforts on seagrass ecosystems in Europe are mostly uncoordinated and biased towards certain species and regions, resulting in inadequate delivery of critical information for their management. Here, we aim to identify the 100 priority questions, that if addressed would strongly advance seagrass monitoring, research and conservation in Europe. Using a Delphi method, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers with seagrass experience from across Europe and with diverse seagrass expertise participated in the process that involved the formulation of research questions, a voting process and an online workshop to identify the final list of the 100 questions. The final list of questions covers areas across nine themes: Biodiversity & Ecology; Ecosystem services; Blue carbon; Fishery support; Drivers, Threats, Resilience & Response; Monitoring & Assessment; Conservation & Restoration; Governance, Policy & Management; and Communication. Answering these questions will fill current knowledge gaps and place European seagrass onto a positive trajectory of recovery. Seagrass ecosystems are of fundamental importance to our planet and wellbeing. Seagrasses are marine flowering plants which engineer ecosystems that provide a multitude of ecosystem services, for example, blue foods and carbon sequestration. Seagrass ecosystems have largely been degraded across much of their global range. There is now increasing interest in the conservation and restoration of these systems, particularly in the context of the climate emergency and the biodiversity crisis. The collation of 100 questions from experts across Europe could, if answered, improve our ability to conserve and restore these systems by facilitating a fundamental shift in the success of such work. image
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| 3. |
- Wallner-Hahn, Sieglind, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Cascade effects and sea-urchin overgrazing : An analysis of drivers behind the exploitation of sea-urchin predators for management improvement
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ocean and Coastal Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0964-5691 .- 1873-524X. ; 107, s. 16-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine ecosystems generate a wide variety of goods and services, but are globally deteriorating due to multiple drivers associated with anthropogenic activities. Intense fishing pressure can lead to changes in structure and function of marine food webs. Particularly overfishing of predatory species at high trophic levels can cause cascading effects leading to ecosystem degradation, affecting both marine organisms and people dependent on them. In the Western Indian Ocean region, intensive fishing takes place and degradation of coral reefs and seagrass beds has been documented. One reason behind this degradation is overgrazing by increasing numbers of sea urchins. An essential step towards better management is to thoroughly understand the drivers leading to such changes in ecosystems. Against this background, the general aim of this study was to gain understanding about whether sea urchin predators in the WIO region are fished, and to identify the drivers behind the fishing of these species. The study had four objectives: (i) to document if and how predatory fish eating sea urchins are caught in smallscale fisheries, (ii) to assess if, and if so why, sea urchin predators are targeted species, (iii) to assess if and to what degree local ecological knowledge (LEK) on ecological complexity involving sea urchins and their predators (e.g. trophic cascades) is present among local fishers, and (iv) to identify fishers' suggestions for management that can reduce problems linked to sea urchin overgrazing. The results show that all investigated species of sea urchin predators are fished by local small-scale fishers. Most sea urchin predators are not actively targeted, are not popular local food fish, and have minor use and economic importance for fishers. This stands in sharp contrast to their ecological keystone role by controlling sea urchin populations. The fishers' awareness and LEK were weak and partly lacking. Management suggestions targeted mostly the symptoms of food web changes rather than the drivers behind them.Based on the results we suggest that management of degraded ecosystems, as a result of food web changes, should encompass a wide variety of strategies and scales. Specific suggestions for sea urchin predator management are education of local stakeholders on destructive gear effects and food web complexity, further investigations of catch- and release fishing as well as the use of selective gears.
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| 4. |
- Wallner-Hahn, Sieglind, et al.
(författare)
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Destructive gear use in a tropical fishery : Institutional factors influencing the willingness-and capacity to change
- 2016
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Ingår i: Marine Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-597X .- 1872-9460. ; 72, s. 199-210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to empirically assess institutional aspects shaping fishers' behavior leading to unsustainable resource use, by using the example of destructive drag-net fishing in Zanzibar, Tanzania. A broad institutional approach was used to specifically assess institutional factors influencing the fishers' reasons for the current use of destructive drag-nets as well as their willingness- and economic capacity to change to less destructive gears. Different regulative, normative, cultural-cognitive and economic factors (tradition, group-belonging, social acceptance, common practice, identity of drag-net users and weak economic capacity) were identified as critical elements influencing the current use of destructive gears, as well as obstructing changes to other gears. Hence, the importance of addressing all of these factors, matching to the different contexts, rather than focusing on fast-moving regulative measures, is emphasized to increase chances of management success. More promising approaches would be resource allocations to more sustainable fishing gears, well-managed gear exchange programs, as well as alterations of slow-moving normative and cultural factors, e.g. awareness raising on the advantages of more sustainable fishing gears, their traditional and cultural values, information on the actual income they generate, as well as education and an exchange of traditional knowledge on how to use them.
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| 5. |
- Wallner-Hahn, Sieglind, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Early steps for successful management in small-scale fisheries : An analysis of fishers', managers' and scientists' opinions preceding implementation
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The chances of fisheries management to achieve positive outcomes increase when fishers and managers agree on the need for management, share preferences for certain management strategies and cooperate on their implementation. This study analyzes fishers’, managers’ and scientists’ opinions on different management measures for seagrass-associated small-scale fisheries in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Areas of agreements as well as disagreements were analyzed to identify common ground and facilitate the initiation of management processes towards more sustainable fisheries. The findings show that most fishers and managers agreed on the need to include seagrasses specifically in future management. There was further agreement on dragnets being the most destructive gears, as well as the use of dragnets being a major threat to local seagrass ecosystems. Gear restrictions excluding illegal dragnets were the favored management measure among all fishers (with fewer dragnet fishers supporting them compared to trap fishers); a result predicted by half of the managers, while the majority of managers advocated the use of temporary closures. Differences between fishers and managers were found concerning seaweed farming, eutrophication and erosion being potential threats to seagrass meadows. Finally, a majority of all fishers were willing to participate in monitoring and controls, and most fishers thought that they themselves and their communities would benefit the most from establishing seagrass management. The results of this study show that co-managed gear restrictions and the inclusion of different key actos in the management process including enforcement are promising starting points for the implementation of management for more sustainable small-scale seagrass fisheries in Zanzibar.
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| 6. |
- Wallner-Hahn, Sieglind, et al.
(författare)
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Early steps for successful management in small-scale fisheries : An analysis of fishers', managers' and scientists' opinions preceding implementation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Marine Pollution Bulletin. - : Elsevier BV. - 0025-326X .- 1879-3363. ; 134, s. 186-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyzes fishers', managers' and scientists' opinions on management measures to facilitate the initiation of management processes towards more sustainable small-scale seagrass fisheries in Zanzibar, Tanzania. The results show that most fishers and managers agreed on the need to include seagrasses specifically in future management. There was further agreement on dragnets being the most destructive gears, and the use of dragnets being a major threat to local seagrass ecosystems. Gear restrictions excluding illegal dragnets were the favored management measure among fishers. Differences between fishers and managers were found concerning seaweed farming, eutrophication and erosion being potential threats to seagrass meadows. A majority of the interviewed fishers were willing to participate in monitoring and controls, and most fishers thought that they themselves and their communities would benefit the most from establishing seagrass management. Co-managed gear restrictions and the inclusion of different key actos in the management process including enforcement are promising starting points for management implementation.
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| 7. |
- Wallner-Hahn, Sieglind, 1982-
(författare)
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Fishing for sustainability : Towards transformation of seagrass-associated small-scale fisheries
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Small-scale fisheries employ many millions of people around the world, and are particularly important in developing countries, where the dependency on marine resources is high and livelihood diversification options are scarce. In many areas of the world however, small-scale fisheries are at risk which threatens the food security and wellbeing of coastal people. Small-scale fisheries management has in many cases been insufficient and new comprehensive approaches are recommended to achieve social-ecological sustainability in the long-term. The aim of this thesis is to analyze empirically how social-ecological elements of seagrass-associated small-scale fisheries in the Western Indian Ocean region can be addressed for a transformation from the current mostly degraded state to more sustainable social-ecological systems and secure future livelihoods. The main method used was semi-structured interviews with local fishers. The main findings show the crucial contributions seagrass-associated small-scale fisheries make to food security and income generation and highlight the need to acknowledge the social-ecological importance of seagrasses in the seascape (Paper I). A discrepancy between low societal gains of the fishing of sea urchin predator fish species and their crucial importance in the food web (in controlling sea urchin populations and the associated grazing pressure on seagrasses) was identified (Paper II). These results suggest catch-and-release practice of sea urchin predator fish species, which could contribute to more balanced predator – sea urchin – seagrass food webs in the long run. The use of illegal dragnets was identified as a major threat to local seagrass meadows (Paper IV). Institutional elements influencing the use of such destructive dragnet were identified to be normative, cultural-cognitive and economic, which constitutes an institutional misfit to the current emphasis on regulative elements in a hierarchical manner (Paper III). Concerning future co-management initiatives, gear restrictions and education were the favoured management measures among all fishers (Paper IV). A majority of fishers were willing to participate in monitoring and controls, and most fishers thought they themselves and their communities would benefit most from seagrass-specific management. These findings highlight the need for actions on multiple scales, being the local-, management-, policy- and governance levels. The suggested actions include: education and exchange of ecological and scientific knowledge, gear management including the cessation of dragnet fishing, strengthening of local institutions, an active participation of fishers in enforcement of existing rules and regulations and an introduction of adequate alternative livelihood options.
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| 8. |
- Wallner-Hahn, Sieglind, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Food security and ecosystem service generation of seagrass-associated small-scale fisheries : the case of southwest Madagascar
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Small-scale fisheries play globally a crucial role for food security and poverty alleviation. This is particularly true in developing countries, where people often are to a high extent depending on the resources their surrounding ecosystems have to offer. Many small-scale fisheries around the world are however under pressure, and in the need of better management. A seascape approach including all habitats has been emphasized for marine small-scale fisheries. This study is based on interviews with fishers and investigates the importance of seagrass beds for small-scale fishery households and their food security of in southwestern Madagascar. The three specific aims of this study were to: i) analyze if seagrass-associated fish contributes to subsistence and/or economy of local fishing households, ii) identify and compare seagrass ecosystem goods and services valued by local people in a rural and an urban setting and iii) analyze links between local people and seagrasses in terms of local ecological knowledge, use and traditions. The results show that seagrasses are the most important fishing habitats for most fishers, seagrass-associated fish species are both the most important and most commonly fished species, and seagrass derived fish and invertebrates are highly important daily sources of animal protein. The highest valued seagrass ecosystem goods and services are the provision of fishing grounds and the provision of food and income for the communities in general. These findings illustrate that seagrasses contribute both through subsistence and income generation to food security and wellbeing of coastal people in southwestern Madagascar. Therefore, there is a need to consider seagrass ecosystems in management of small-scale fisheries, to build more resilient small-scale fisheries which can sustain food security for future generations.
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| 9. |
- Wallner-Hahn, Sieglind, et al.
(författare)
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Linking seagrass ecosystem services to food security : The example of southwestern Madagascar's small-scale fisheries
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ecosystem Services. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-0416 .- 2212-0416. ; 53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-scale fisheries (SSF) are crucial for food security and poverty alleviation. Many SSF are however under pressure, and in need of better management paying special attention to the key seascape ecosystems which are supporting them. This study investigates the importance of seagrass beds for SSF households and their food security in southwestern Madagascar. The specific aims of this study were to: i) analyze if and how seagrassassociated fish contributes to subsistence and/or the economy of local fishing households, ii) identify and compare seagrass ecosystem goods and services valued by local fishers in a rural and an urban setting, and iii) analyze links between local people and seagrasses in terms of local ecological knowledge, use and traditions. The results showed that seagrasses were the most important fishing habitats for most fishers. Seagrass-associated fish species were both the economically most important and most commonly fished species, and are a major source of protein in the region. Further, seagrass-derived sea urchins are important complements to local people's diets. The findings illustrate that seagrasses contribute both through subsistence and income generation to food security and wellbeing of coastal people in southwestern Madagascar. This highlights the need to consider seagrass ecosystems in management towards sustainable SSF and their ability to sustain food security for future generations.
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