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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Kristan, Matej, et al.
(författare)
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The first visual object tracking segmentation VOTS2023 challenge results
- 2023
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Ingår i: 2023 IEEE/CVF International conference on computer vision workshops (ICCVW). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9798350307443 - 9798350307450 ; , s. 1788-1810
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Visual Object Tracking Segmentation VOTS2023 challenge is the eleventh annual tracker benchmarking activity of the VOT initiative. This challenge is the first to merge short-term and long-term as well as single-target and multiple-target tracking with segmentation masks as the only target location specification. A new dataset was created; the ground truth has been withheld to prevent overfitting. New performance measures and evaluation protocols have been created along with a new toolkit and an evaluation server. Results of the presented 47 trackers indicate that modern tracking frameworks are well-suited to deal with convergence of short-term and long-term tracking and that multiple and single target tracking can be considered a single problem. A leaderboard, with participating trackers details, the source code, the datasets, and the evaluation kit are publicly available at the challenge website1
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| 4. |
- Lei, Yumeng, et al.
(författare)
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Choice Behavior and Diffusion Impact Analysis of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles Travelers with Managed Lanes
- 2024
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the accelerated integration of connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) into transportation system, CAV has evolved rapidly. Emerging studies have focused onthe factors that influence travelers’ acceptance of CAV, the measures that contribute to CAV travel choice intention, and the methods that facilitate CAV promotion. However,different incentives in the CAV diffusion effect, and the trend of CAV travelers diffusion are the key questions that still remains to be investigated. Therefore, this study establishes a structural equation model (SEM) framework to explore the impact of external environmental factors and internal subjective factors on travel mode choice. Based on the identified influencing factors of the SEM, this study develops an agent based model (ABM) simulation approach to examine the diffusion trend of CAV travelers from an individual perspective. To calibrate the model, a questionnaire survey is designed to obtain data on the characteristics of travelers in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, followed by a quantitative impact analysis. The survey results show that the CAV choice intention is influenced by individual and travel characteristics, as well as individual innovativeness and social influence utility of the social network in which the traveler is involved. The simulation experiments revealed that the diffusion ofCAV travelers is a complex process involving interactions among policymakers, CAV operators, and travelers. A lower CAV travel cost has a positive impact on the primary and middle process of CAV travelers diffusion. The findings contribute to understanding travelers’ demands and to helping agencies and CAV operators to implement effective promotion strategies.
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| 8. |
- Chen, Hao, et al.
(författare)
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A DFT study of the electronic structures and optical properties of (Cr, C) co-doped rutile TiO2
- 2018
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Ingår i: Chemical Physics. - : Elsevier. - 0301-0104 .- 1873-4421. ; 501, s. 60-67
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To get an effective doping model of rutile TiO2, we systematically study geometrical parameters, density of states, electron densities, dielectric functions, optical absorption spectra for the pure, C mono-doping, Cr mono-doping and (Cr,C) co-doping rutile TiO2, using density functional calculations. We find that a C doped system presents higher stability under Ti-rich condition, while Cr doped and (Cr,C) co-doped systems are more stable under O-rich condition. For (Cr,C) co-doping situation, the imaginary part of the dielectric function reflects the higher energy absorption efficiency for incident photons. Moreover, co-doping system exhibits much bigger red-shift of optical absorption edge compared with Cr/C single doping systems, because of the great reduction of the direct band gap. The calculated optical absorption spectra show that the (Cr,C) co-doping rutile TiO2 has higher photocatalytic activity in the visible light region.
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| 9. |
- Chen, Hao, et al.
(författare)
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A DFT study on modification mechanism of (N,S) interstitial co-doped rutile TiO2
- 2018
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Ingår i: Chemical Physics Letters. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0009-2614 .- 1873-4448. ; 695, s. 8-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To obtain a more efficient (N,S) co-doping scheme, we systematically analyze the geometrical parameters, density of states, charge densities, relative dielectric functions and UV–Vis absorption spectra for pure, N/S substitution/interstitial doped and (N,S) substitution/interstitial co-doped TiO2 by using density functional calculations. Compared with (N,S) substitution co-doping, (N,S) interstitial co-doping TiO2 exhibits a more obvious red-shift of absorption edge, because of the band gap is further reduced. Furthermore, there are shallow impurity levels coupling with the top of valence band. The calculated UV–Vis absorption spectra illustrate that (N,S) interstitial co-doping TiO2 has much higher photocatalytic activity in the visible light region. © 2018
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| 10. |
- Decker, Jared E., et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide Patterns of Ancestry, Divergence, and Admixture in Domesticated Cattle
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS Genetics. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7390 .- 1553-7404. ; 10:3, s. e1004254-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The domestication and development of cattle has considerably impacted human societies, but the histories of cattle breeds and populations have been poorly understood especially for African, Asian, and American breeds. Using genotypes from 43,043 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphism markers scored in 1,543 animals, we evaluate the population structure of 134 domesticated bovid breeds. Regardless of the analytical method or sample subset, the three major groups of Asian indicine, Eurasian taurine, and African taurine were consistently observed. Patterns of geographic dispersal resulting from co-migration with humans and exportation are recognizable in phylogenetic networks. All analytical methods reveal patterns of hybridization which occurred after divergence. Using 19 breeds, we map the cline of indicine introgression into Africa. We infer that African taurine possess a large portion of wild African auroch ancestry, causing their divergence from Eurasian taurine. We detect exportation patterns in Asia and identify a cline of Eurasian taurine/indicine hybridization in Asia. We also identify the influence of species other than Bos taurus taurus and B. t. indicus in the formation of Asian breeds. We detect the pronounced influence of Shorthorn cattle in the formation of European breeds. Iberian and Italian cattle possess introgression from African taurine. American Criollo cattle originate from Iberia, and not directly from Africa with African ancestry inherited via Iberian ancestors. Indicine introgression into American cattle occurred in the Americas, and not Europe. We argue that cattle migration, movement and trading followed by admixture have been important forces in shaping modern bovine genomic variation.
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