| 1. |
- Abbafati, Cristiana, et al.
(författare)
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- 2020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Zhang, Shao-jie, et al.
(författare)
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Genomic regions under selection in the feralization of the dingoes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2041-1723. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dingoes are wild canids living in Australia, originating from domestic dogs. They have lived isolated from both the wild and the domestic ancestor, making them a unique model for studying feralization. Here, we sequence the genomes of 10 dingoes and 2 New Guinea Singing Dogs. Phylogenetic and demographic analyses show that dingoes originate from dogs in southern East Asia, which migrated via Island Southeast Asia to reach Australia around 8300 years ago, and subsequently diverged into a genetically distinct population. Selection analysis identifies 50 positively selected genes enriched in digestion and metabolism, indicating a diet change during feralization of dingoes. Thirteen of these genes have shifted allele frequencies compared to dogs but not compared to wolves. Functional assays show that an A-to-G mutation in ARHGEF7 decreases the endogenous expression, suggesting behavioral adaptations related to the transitions in environment. Our results indicate that the feralization of the dingo induced positive selection on genomic regions correlated to neurodevelopment, metabolism and reproduction, in adaptation to a wild environment.
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| 4. |
- Wang, Bingyu, et al.
(författare)
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Pedestrian lower extremity injury risk in car-pedestrian collisions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Zhendong yu Chongji/Journal of Vibration and Shock. - 1000-3835. ; 35:23, s. 1-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, the pedestrian lower extremity injury risk was studied using the real world accident data. For this purpose, 354 cases with pedestrian lower extremity injuries selected from the german in-depth accident study(GIDAS) database were used to conduct the one-way variance analysis to determine the effects of impact speed, pedestrian age, height and weight on the pedestrian serious lower extremity injuries risk. Then, the pedestrian serious lower extremity injury risk model was established. The results showed that the impact speed and pedestrian age are significant factors affecting pedestrian lower extremity serious injuries, but the pedestrian weight and height are not; the risk of injury is positively related to impact speed and pedestrian age; the pedestrian serious lower extremity injury risk reaches 50% when the impact speed is 43 km/h.
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| 5. |
- Wang, Fang, et al.
(författare)
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A NUMERICAL STUDY ON CORRELATION OF RIB FRACTURES WITH THORACIC INJURY CRITERIA IN OBLIQUE IMPACT
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology. - 0219-5194. ; 17:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thoracic injury is one of the vital issues in vehicle side crashes. Experiments have been done widely to study thoracic injuries using biological subjects but less virtual tests were made by using Finite Element (FE) models. This study aimed at determining the correlation of the computationally calculated thoracic injury (Number of Rib Fractures NRF) with existing thoracic injury criteria under pure side and oblique impacts. For this purpose, a previously developed thorax FE model was validated by using Post Mortem Human Subject (PMHS) tests in pure side and oblique impacts in this study. The rib fractures were reconstructed and compared with the fractures observed in the PMHS tests. The model was then used to simulate rib fractures in human thorax impactor tests at Principal Direction of Force (PDOF) angles of 90 degrees to 35 degrees (total of 12 impacts). Furthermore, the normalized NRF were calculated and analyzed for comparing with normalized simulated injury parameters based on various human thoracic injury criteria, including contact force criterion, thorax deflection criterion, compression criterion, upper spine acceleration criterion and Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI). It is suggested that the TTI criterion has better correlation with the NRF than the other injury criteria.
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| 6. |
- Wang, Fang, et al.
(författare)
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A Study on Influence of Minivan Front-End Design and Impact Velocity on Pedestrian Thorax Kinematics and Injury Risk
- 2018
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Ingår i: Applied Bionics and Biomechanics. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1754-2103 .- 1176-2322. ; 2018
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thoracic injuries occur frequently in minivan-to-pedestrian impact accidents and can cause substantial fatalities. The present research work investigates the human thoracic responses and injury risks in minivan-to-pedestrian impacts, when changing the minivan front-end design and the impact velocity, by using computational biomechanics model. We employed three typical types of minivan model of different front-end designs that are quite popular in Chinese market and considered four impact velocities (20, 30, 40, and 50 km/h). The contact time of car to thorax region (CTCTR), thorax impact velocity, chest deformation, and thoracic injury risks were extracted for the investigation. The results indicate that the predicted pedestrian kinematics, injury responses, and thoracic injury risks are strongly affected by the variation of the minivan front-end design and impact velocity. The pedestrian thoracic injury risks increase with the increasing vehicle impact velocity. It is also revealed that the application of the extra front bumper is beneficial for reducing the thoracic injury risk, and a relatively flatter minivan front-end design gives rise to a higher thoracic injury risk. This study is expected to be served as theoretical references for pedestrian protection design of minivans.
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| 7. |
- Feigin, Valery L., et al.
(författare)
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Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2021
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Ingår i: Lancet Neurology. - : Elsevier. - 1474-4422 .- 1474-4465. ; 20:10, s. 795-820
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12.2 million (95% UI 11.0-13.6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93.2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6.55 million (6.00-7.02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11.6% [10.8-12.2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5.7% [5.1-6.2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70.0% (67.0-73.0), prevalent strokes increased by 85.0% (83.0-88.0), deaths from stroke increased by 43.0% (31.0-55.0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32.0% (22.0-42.0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17.0% (15.0-18.0), mortality decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0), prevalence decreased by 6.0% (5.0-7.0), and DALYs decreased by 36.0% (31.0-42.0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22.0% (21.0-24.0) and incidence rates increased by 15.0% (12.0-18.0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3.6 (3.5-3.8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3.7 (3.5-3.9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62.4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7.63 million [6.57-8.96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27.9% (3.41 million [2.97-3.91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9.7% (1.18 million [1.01-1.39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79.6 million [67.7-90.8] DALYs or 55.5% [48.2-62.0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34.9 million [22.3-48.6] DALYs or 24.3% [15.7-33.2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28.9 million [19.8-41.5] DALYs or 20.2% [13.8-29.1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28.7 million [23.4-33.4] DALYs or 20.1% [16.6-23.0]), and smoking (25.3 million [22.6-28.2] DALYs or 17.6% [16.4-19.0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.
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| 8. |
- Huang, Jing, et al.
(författare)
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A study on correlation of pedestrian head injuries with physical parameters using in-depth traffic accident data and mathematical models
- 2018
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 119, s. 91-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of the present study is to predict brain injuries and injury severities from realworld traffic accidents via in-depth investigation of head impact responses, injuries and brain injury tolerances. Firstly, a total of 43 passenger car versus adult pedestrian accidents were selected from two databases of the In-depth Investigation of Vehicle Accidents in Changsha of China (IVAC) and the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS). In a previous study the 43 accidents were reconstructed by using the multi-body system (MBS) model (Peng et al., 2013a) for determining the initial conditions of the head-windscreen impact in each accident. Then, a study of the head injuries and injury mechanisms is carried out via 43 finite element (FE) modelings of a head strike to a windscreen, in which the boundary and loading conditions are defined according to results from accident reconstructions, including impact velocity, position and orientation of the head FE model. The brain dynamic responses were calculated for the physical parameters of the coup/countercoup pressure, von Mises and maximum shear stresses at the cerebrum, the callosum, the cerebellum and the brain stem. In addition, head injury criteria, including the cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) (with tissue level strain threshold 0.20) and the dilatational damage measure (DDM), were developed in order to predict the diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and contusions, respectively. The correlations between calculated parameters and brain injuries were determined via comparing the simulation results with the observed injuries in accident data. The regression models were developed for predicting the injury risks in terms of the brain dynamic responses and the calculated CSDM and DDM values. The results indicate that the predicted values of 50% probability causing head injuries in the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ correspond to coup pressure 167 kPa, countercoup pressure −117 kPa, von Mises 16.3 kPa and shear stress 7.9 kPa respectively, and causing AIS 3+ head injuries were 227 kPa, −169 kPa, 24.2 kPa and 12.2 kPa respectively. The results also suggest that a 50% probability of contusions corresponds to CSDM value of 48% at strain levels of 0.2, and the 50% probability of contusions corresponds to a DDM value of 6.7%.
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| 9. |
- Li, G., et al.
(författare)
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The influence of passenger car front shape on pedestrian injury risk observed from German in-depth accident data
- 2017
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 101, s. 11-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantified relationships between passenger car front shape and pedestrian injury risk derived fromaccident data are sparse, especially considering the significant recent changes in car front design. Thepurpose of this paper is therefore to investigate the detailed effects of passenger car front shape oninjury risk to a pedestrian’s head, thorax, pelvis and leg in the event of a vehicle pedestrian impact.Firstly, an accident sample of 594 pedestrian cases captured during 2000–2015 from the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) database was employed. Multicollinearity diagnostic statistics were thenused to detect multicollinearity between the predictors. Following this, logistic regression was appliedto quantify the effects of passenger car front shape on injury risks while controlling for impact speedand pedestrian age. Results indicate that the bumper lower depth (BLD), bumper lower height (BLH),bumper upper height (BUH) and normalised bumper lower/upper height (NBLH/NBUH) are statisticallysignificant for AIS2+ leg injury risk. The normalised bonnet leading edge height (NBLEH) has a statisticallysignificant influence on AIS2+ femur/pelvis injury occurrence. The passenger car front shape did notshow statistical significance for AIS3+ thorax and head injuries. The impact speed and pedestrian age aregenerally significant factors influencing AIS2+ leg and pelvis injuries, and AIS3+ thorax and head injuries.However, when head impacts are fixed on the central windscreen region both pedestrian age and impactspeed are not statistically significant for AIS3+ head injury. For quantified effects, when controlling forspeed, age and BUH, an average 7% and 6% increase in AIS2+ leg injury odds was observed for every 1 cmincrease in BLD and BLH respectively; 1 cm increase in BUH results in a 7% decrease in AIS2+ leg injuryodds when the BLD or BLH are fixed respectively (again controlling for impact speed and pedestrian age);the average AIS2+ femur/pelvis injury odds increase by 74% for a 10% increase in NBLEH. These findingssuggest that passenger car bumpers should support the lower leg with a low and flat lower bumper andeven contact up to the femur area with a high upper bumper which extends above the knee to protectthe pedestrian’s leg. A low passenger car bonnet leading edge helps to reduce femur/pelvis injury risk.The passenger car front shape parameters are less influential than impact speed and pedestrian age forpedestrian injury risk.
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| 10. |
- Wang, Bingyu, et al.
(författare)
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Prediction of Long Bone Fractures via Reconstruction of Pedestrian Accidents Using Multi-Body System and FE Models
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology. - : World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt. - 0219-5194 .- 1793-6810. ; 15:1, s. Art. no. 1550016-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aimed at prediction of long bone fractures and analysis of lower extremity injury mechanisms in real world passenger car to pedestrian collision. For this purpose, two cases of car to pedestrian accidents with detail recorded lower extremity injuries were reconstructed using Multi-body system (MBS) and Finite element (FE) models. The MBS models were used to determine lower extremity impact conditions, such as impact velocity, contact location as well as impact orientation. Furthermore, impact conditions were used to define initial boundary conditions in the simulation of lower extremity colliding with car front end using FE models. The bending moment and von Mises stress distributions of long bone were calculated in FE model to evaluate long bone fracture risks. Then, injury outcomes from simulations were compared with hospital recorded injury data. The simulation results of long bone fracture were consistent with the injury pattern and positions from hospital records. Moreover, the calculated fracture moments of tibia and fibula shaft as well as femur neck region were 310.8, 21.4 and 304.7Nm, respectively. The FE model is capable to reproduce the dynamic injury process and is an effective tool to demonstrate the dynamic response of the injury and to predict the risk of long bone fractures.
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