| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Dong, Jianqi, et al.
(författare)
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Centimeter-long III-Nitride nanowires and continuous-wave pumped lasing enabled by graphically epitaxial lift-off
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nano Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 2211-2855. ; 78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It remains a big challenge to elongate one-dimensional (1D) semiconductor nanowires (NWs), which can be attractive platforms for miniaturizing and/or integrating macroscopic devices, into centimeter-scale length. Herein, we report the innovative preparation of single-crystalline III-nitride NWs, with unprecedented length above 2 cm and the aspect ratio above 6000, by graphically epitaxial lifting-off (GELO) the epitaxial films on sapphire. The proposed GELO technology involves isotropic dry etching and selectively electrochemical (EC) etching. Reaction kinetics study of the EC etching indicate that two-steps processes are included, which is, to our best knowledge, firstly revealed and experimentally confirmed. Centimeter-long freestanding NWs, with predesigned structure of homogeneous GaN, p-GaN/(InGaN/GaN)6 quantum-wells/n-GaN (simply InGaN/GaN QWs) and AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructure, are successfully obtained and exhibit superior morphological uniformity and robust flexibility. Optical properties of the released InGaN/GaN QW-NWs were well optimized owing to the relieved intrinsic strain. Random lasing behavior was unexpectedly observed by continuous-wave excitation of the individual InGaN/GaN QW-NW, with a low threshold of 232 kW•cm-2. This work represents a low-cost and economic approach to yield structure-engineerable super-long III-nitride NWs, which would promote the development and integration of optoelectronic nanodevices.
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| 4. |
- Ding, Mingyue, et al.
(författare)
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Enhancement of conversion from bio-syngas to higher alcohols fuels over K-promoted Cu-Fe bimodal pore catalysts
- 2017
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 159, s. 436-441
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel K-promoted Cu-Fe bimodal derived catalyst was designed to optimize the catalytic activity and higher alcohols selectivity in higher alcohols synthesis (HAS). The characterization results indicated that the Cu-Fe bimodal derived catalyst presented the bimodal pore structures. The adding of K promoter increased the BET surface area and promoted the dispersion of Cu and Fe species in the bimodal pores without destroying the bimodal structure, whereas the excessive adding of potassium resulted in easily the aggregation of bimetal active species. Incorporation of moderate K content enhanced the reduction of Cu and Fe species and promoted the formation of active bimetal species for HAS, while the bimodal derived catalyst with excessive K content restrained the reduction of bimetal particles, decreasing the catalytic activity for higher alcohols synthesis. In addition, the gradual increasing of K content in the Cu-Fe bimodal derived catalyst strengthened the interaction of K and bimetal active species, which was combined with the “confinement effect” of bimodal pore structures, shifting product distribution towards C2 + OH.
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| 5. |
- Liu, Yong, et al.
(författare)
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One-Pot Catalytic Conversion of Raw Lignocellulosic Biomass into Gasoline Alkanes and Chemicals over LiTaMoO6 and Ru/C in Aqueous Phosphoric Acid
- 2015
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Ingår i: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2168-0485. ; 3:8, s. 1745-1755
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable feedstock that has the potential to replace the diminishing fossil fuels. Herein, we reported the simultaneous conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from raw biomass into gasoline alkanes (hexanes and pentanes) and monophenols and related hydrocarbons over layered LiTaMoO6 and Ru/C in aqueous phosphoric acid medium. Specifically, gasoline alkanes were directly yielded from the carbohydrate components, based on hemicellulose and cellulose, and the total yield could be up to 82.4%. Notably, the lignin fraction could also be transformed into monophenols, related alcohols and hydrocarbons by the one-pot reaction. It suggested that the hydrocracking of monophenol fraction could be performed in this catalytic system. The total yield of volatile products was 53% based on the lignin fraction. In this paper, the influences of phosphoric acid concentration, substrate ash and the amino acids derived from the biogenic impurities were investigated and different raw biomass substrates were tested. Furthermore, the catalysts could be reused for several runs to convert raw biomass without pretreatment.
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| 6. |
- Hazra, Saptarshi, et al.
(författare)
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Handling inherent delays in virtual IoT gateways
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 15th Annual International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems, DCOSS 2019. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781728105703 - 9781728105710 ; , s. 58-65
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Massive deployment of diverse ultra-low power wireless devices in different application areas has given rise to a plethora of heterogeneous architectures and communication protocols. It is challenging to provide convergent access to these miscellaneous collections of communicating devices. In this paper, we propose VGATE, an edge-based virtualized IoT gateway for bringing these devices together in a single framework using SDRs as technology agnostic radioheads. SDR platforms, however, suffer from large unpredictable delays. We design a GNU Radio-based IEEE 802.15.4 experimental setup using LimeSDR, where the data path is time-stamped at various points of interest to get a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the delays. Our analysis shows that GNU Radio processing and LimeSDR buffering delays are the major delays. We decrease the LimeSDR buffering delay by decreasing the USB transfer size but show that this comes at the cost of increased processing overhead. We modify the USB transfer packet size to investigate which USB transfer size provides the best balance between buffering delay and processing overhead across two different host computers. Our experiments show that for the best measured configuration the mean and jitter of latency decreases by 37% and 40% respectively for the host computer with higher processing resources. We also show that the throughput is not affected by these modifications.
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| 7. |
- Medeiros, Eduardo, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling Alien-Line Impedance Mismatch in Wideband Vectored Wireline Systems
- 2014
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Ingår i: IEEE Communications Letters. - 1089-7798. ; 18:9, s. 1527-1530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sudden changes of channel coefficients in a wideband vectored wireline system (such as G.fast) due to changes in the terminating impedance of lines outside the vectored group can seriously degrade stability and throughput. This letter presents a model that predicts the impact of termination mismatch based exclusively on crosstalk data for the properly-terminated state. Experimental results confirm a tight fit between model and mea- surements. The model allows analysis of system performance and stability without dedicated crosstalk measurements for mismatch cases.
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| 8. |
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