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- de Jong, R. S., et al.
(författare)
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4MOST : Project overview and information for the First Call for Proposals
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Messenger. - : European Southern Observatory. - 0722-6691. ; 175, s. 3-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We introduce the 4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (4MOST), a new high-multiplex, wide-field spectroscopic survey facility under development for the four-metre-class Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) at Paranal. Its key specifications are: a large field of view (FoV) of 4.2 square degrees and a high multiplex capability, with 1624 fibres feeding two low-resolution spectrographs (R = λ/Δλ ~ 6500), and 812 fibres transferring light to the high-resolution spectrograph (R ~ 20 000). After a description of the instrument and its expected performance, a short overview is given of its operational scheme and planned 4MOST Consortium science; these aspects are covered in more detail in other articles in this edition of The Messenger. Finally, the processes, schedules, and policies concerning the selection of ESO Community Surveys are presented, commencing with a singular opportunity to submit Letters of Intent for Public Surveys during the first five years of 4MOST operations.
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- Zhang, Shi-Jin, 1957-
(författare)
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Regulation of Intracellular Calcium in Brown Adipocytes
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Intracellular Ca2+ is considered a primary regulator of cell function. In the present study, the control and the effects of intracellular Ca2+ in brown adipocytes have been investigated. Cytosolic Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) are the resultant of the activity of Ca2+ transport systems. Results concerning Ca2+transport systems in the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria are presented.[Ca2+]i, monitored with Fura-2/AM, is increased when brown adipocytes are stimulated with norepinephrine (NE). The NE effect is mediated via a1-adrenoceptors and involves both release from intracellular Ca2+ stores and influx of extracellular Ca2+. The NE-induced [Ca2+]i response could be desensitized by pretreatment with NE. The desensitization is also mediated by a1-receptors and intracellularly by increased [Ca2+]i and calmodulin but not by protein kinase C. The kinetics of the desensitization are similar to those of inhibition of protein synthesis or transcription and the desensitization is associated with a comparable decrease in the number of a1-receptors.Mitochondrial Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]m) were monitored within brown adipocytes with mitochondrially targeted aequorin. [Ca2+]m was not a simple reflection of [Ca2+]i; rather, evidence is presented for the existence of a b-adrenergic, cAMP-mediated signal that augments the [Ca2+]m/[Ca2+]i ratio. This signal causes the mitochondria to sequester Ca2+ even in the absence of increased cytosolic levels. Inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake augments the cytosolic responses. Mitochondria may thus play an important role even in cytosolic Ca2+homeostasis in brown adipocytes.Chronic treatment of brown adipocytes with NE resulted in marked alterations of cytosolic Ca2+ handling, but the mitochondria retained their ability to sequester Ca2+during adrenergic stimulation, i.e. under conditions when UCP1 should be active.The effects of an increase in [Ca2+]i involve activation of a cAMP phosphodiesterase, and the presence of this component explains the unusual kinetic characteristics of norepinephrine-induced cAMP accumulation. [Ca2+]i is also involved in the regulation of gene expression: increased [Ca2+]i interacts synergistically with cAMP in the control of c-fos expression which may be of significance for regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.It was concluded that Ca2+ is a primary regulator of physiological functions in brown adipocytes. The Ca2+ transport systems in brown adipocytes are involved in the regulation of intracellular and intraorganellar Ca2+. Changes of the free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration by hormone stimulation induces the activation of many physiological processes.
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