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- Giglio, Daniel, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Downregulation of toll-like receptor 4 and IL-6 following irradiation of the rat urinary bladder
- 2016
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Ingår i: Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. - : Wiley. - 1440-1681 .- 0305-1870. ; 43:7, s. 698-705
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pathophysiology behind radiation cystitis is poorly understood. Here we investigated whether bladder irradiation affects the immune system of the rat urinary bladder. Female rats were sedated and exposed to one single radiation dose of 20Gy or only sedated (controls) and killed 16h to 14days later. Rats were placed in a metabolic cage at 16h, 3days, 7days and 14days following bladder irradiation. The urinary bladders were harvested and analysed with qPCR, immunohistochemistry and/or Western blot for the expression of interferon (IFN)-, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, nitric oxide synthases (eNOS, iNOS and nNOS), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)- and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Urine was collected and analysed for IL-6 and nitrite (reflecting nitric oxide activity) with ELISA and the Griess reaction, respectively. Irradiation increased bladder frequency and decreased voiding volumes 14days following bladder irradiation. Bladder irradiation increased the expression of IL-10 and collagen in the bladder, while TLR4 and IL-6 expressions were decreased in the urothelium concomitantly with a decrease in mast cells in the submucosa and urine levels of IL-6 and nitrite. The present findings show that bladder irradiation leads to urodynamic changes in the bladder and may suppress important immunoregulatory pathways in the urinary bladder.
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| 4. |
- Sun, Jie, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Insights into the Mechanism for Vertical Graphene Growth by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition
- 2022
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Ingår i: Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 14:5, s. 7152-7160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vertically oriented graphene (VG) has attracted attention for years, but the growth mechanism is still not fully revealed. The electric field may play a role, but the direct evidence and exactly what role it plays remains unclear. Here, we conduct a systematic study and find that in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, the VG growth preferably occurs at spots where the local field is stronger, for example, at GaN nanowire tips. On almost round-shaped nanoparticles, instead of being perpendicular to the substrate, the VG grows along the field direction, that is, perpendicular to the particles' local surfaces. Even more convincingly, the sheath field is screened to different degrees, and a direct correlation between the field strength and the VG growth is observed. Numerical calculation suggests that during the growth, the field helps accumulate charges on graphene, which eventually changes the cohesive graphene layers into separate three-dimensional VG flakes. Furthermore, the field helps attract charged precursors to places sticking out from the substrate and makes them even sharper and turn into VG. Finally, we demonstrate that the VG-covered nanoparticles are benign to human blood leukocytes and could be considered for drug delivery. Our research may serve as a starting point for further vertical two-dimensional material growth mechanism studies.
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