| 1. |
- Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Towards monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in the environment: For what reasons, how to implement it, and what are the data needs?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environment International. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to human and animal health and well-being. To understand AMR dynamics, it is important to monitor resistant bacteria and resistance genes in all relevant settings. How-ever, while monitoring of AMR has been implemented in clinical and veterinary settings, comprehensive monitoring of AMR in the environment is almost completely lacking. Yet, the environmental dimension of AMR is critical for understanding the dissemination routes and selection of resistant microorganisms, as well as the human health risks related to environmental AMR. Here, we outline important knowledge gaps that impede implementation of environmental AMR monitoring. These include lack of knowledge of the 'normal' background levels of environmental AMR, definition of high-risk environments for transmission, and a poor understanding of the concentrations of antibiotics and other chemical agents that promote resistance selection. Furthermore, there is a lack of methods to detect resistance genes that are not already circulating among pathogens. We conclude that these knowledge gaps need to be addressed before routine monitoring for AMR in the environment can be implemented on a large scale. Yet, AMR monitoring data bridging different sectors is needed in order to fill these knowledge gaps, which means that some level of national, regional and global AMR surveillance in the envi-ronment must happen even without all scientific questions answered. With the possibilities opened up by rapidly advancing technologies, it is time to fill these knowledge gaps. Doing so will allow for specific actions against environmental AMR development and spread to pathogens and thereby safeguard the health and wellbeing of humans and animals.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Hallbeck, Anna-Lotta, et al.
(författare)
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Interleukin-6 enhances transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA expression in macrophage-like human monocytoid (U-937-1) cells
- 2001
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Ingår i: Bioscience Reports. - 0144-8463 .- 1573-4935. ; 21:3, s. 325-339
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have previously reported that the human monocytoid cell line U-937-1 constitutively expresses transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) and that the steady-state levels of TGF-α mRNA as well as TGF-α protein release increase when U-937-1 cells are differentiated towards monocytes/macrophages. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), which has been shown to have growth-stimulatory effects on a number of cell types, has recently been shown to enhance TGF-α expression in keratinocytes. In the present study we investigated whether TGF-α expression in macrophage-like cells could be regulated by IL-6 using U-937-1 cells as a model system of monocyte/macrophage differentiation. U-937-1 cells were differentiated with retinoic acid (RA), vitamin D3 (Vit-D3) or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) for 4 days and were then treated with human recombinant IL-6 (1000 IU/ml) for up to 24 hr. Northern blot analysis revealed that cells differentiated with PMA, inducing the phenotype of a secretory macrophage, markedly increased their TGF-α mRNA levels (2.7-fold) when treated with IL-6; the response was maximal at 6 hr and remained high at 12 hr. The expression of the TGF-α gene was accompanied by release of TGF-α protein into the cell culture medium, irrespective of differentiating agent, as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as by surface expression of pro-TGF-α as determined by indirect immunofluorescent cytometry. However, the superinduction of the TGF-α gene by IL-6 in cells differentiated with PMA was not accompanied by any increase in TGF-α protein release or pro-TGF-α surface expression. We conclude that since IL-6 causes increased steady-state levels of TGF-α mRNA in macrophage-like cells, it may prime these cells for production of this growth factor. Furthermore, we have shown that the IL-6 receptor complex is functional in U-937-1 cells induced to differentiate towards a secretory macrophage by treatment with PMA.
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| 4. |
- Hallbeck, Anna-Lotta, et al.
(författare)
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TGF-alpha and ErbB2 production in synovial joint tissue: increased expression in arthritic joints
- 2005
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0300-9742 .- 1502-7732. ; 34:3, s. 204-211
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Cell types present in synovial joint tissues and during synovitis are known to produce epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ErbB-1/HER-1 and the potent EGFR-ligand transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-) in vitro. Concomitant expression of TGF-, EGFR, and ErbB2 gives a strong proliferative drive in vitro and in vivo. However, the presence of TGF- and members of the EGFR/EGFR-ligand family has not been thoroughly investigated in joint tissue in vivo. We aimed to determine whether TGF-, EGFR, and ErbB2 are present in human synovial joints, especially during rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: TGF- protein was immunodetected in knee synovial fluid (SF) collected from 23 RA patients, eight patients with other arthritic conditions, two osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and six post-traumatic patients (control). TGF- mRNA and TGF-, ErbB2, EGFR, and CD68 immunoreactivity were detected in knee synovial biopsies (6 RA/2 OA/6 control) using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. TGF- mRNA was determined in SF cells by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or the Northern blot technique. Results: TGF- protein was found in the synovial membrane (SM) and in the majority of SF samples. TGF- levels were significantly higher (p<0.001) in SF of RA patients than controls, TGF- protein and mRNA were increased and more widespread in SM of RA patients. In addition, white blood cells collected from RA SF expressed TGF- mRNA. Immunoreactivity for ErbB2 was found in SM and was more widespread in RA patients than in controls. Conclusion: The presence of TGF- in normal SF and SM may indicate a physiological maintenance function. The increased expression of TGF- and ErbB2 in RA SF and SM may give rise to an abnormal growth pattern, contributing to inflammatory synovial hyperplasia.
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| 5. |
- Landtblom, Anne-Marie, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple sclerosis and exposure to organic solvents, investigated by genetic polymorphisms of the GSTM1 and CYP2D6 enzyme systems
- 2003
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Ingår i: Neurological Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1590-1874 .- 1590-3478. ; 24:4, s. 248-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and exposure to organic solvents has been discussed. Organic solvents are metabolised by enzyme systems like glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) and CYP2D6, which express polymorphisms in the general poulation. GSTM1 null genotype has been associated with solvent-induced chronic toxic encephalopathy. Our aim was to see if a defect in one of these enzyme systems could explain the association between MS and exposure to organic solvents. In our study, 50 patients with MS were investigated, including 24 who had been significantly exposed to organic solvents and 26 who were not exposed. Polymerase chain reaction-based methods were used for genotyping GSTM1 and CYP2D6 polymorphisms in leukocyte DNA. No differences in genetic predisposition were found between MS patients exposed and those not exposed to organic solvents regarding GSTM1 null or CYP2D6 poor metaboliser genotypes. The possible association between multiple sclerosis and solvents may not, as for chronic toxic encephalopathy, be explained by defects in these systems.
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| 7. |
- Wasteson, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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High satisfaction rate ten years after bilateral prophylactic mastectomy - a longitudinal study
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cancer Care. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0961-5423 .- 1365-2354. ; 20:4, s. 508-513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High satisfaction rate ten years after bilateral prophylactic mastectomy - a longitudinal study Women from families with an increased risk for breast/ovarian cancer have undergone bilateral prophylactic mastectomy (BPM) since the early 1990s at the Karolinska University Hospital in Sweden. Perceptions of BPM as reported by the first women who underwent the procedure have previously been evaluated on a short-term basis (1-3 years). The present study aims to evaluate the long-term (10 years) physical and psychological consequences of BPM in the same cohort of women. Some of the very first women to undergo BPM participated in the present interview study (n= 13). The semi-structured interviews focused on the women's long-term experiences related to BPM and immediate breast reconstruction. Overall, the women were satisfied with their decision to undergo BPM and perceived a negligible remaining risk of getting breast cancer. For most women, the operation had not resulted in changes in family life or lifestyle (n= 8), although some described that the relationship with their spouse was affected (8/13), either in a negative (n= 5) or positive (n= 3) way. The cosmetic results were mainly positive (n= 10). Recurrent counselling and support during the whole process of decision, treatment and follow up is recommended.
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