| 1. |
- Watne, Ågot, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Ozone and OH-induced oxidation of monoterpenes: Changes in the thermal properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA)
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Aerosol Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-8502 .- 1879-1964. ; 114, s. 31-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The behaviour of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere is highly dependent on their thermal properties. Here we investigate the volatility of SOA formed from α-pinene, β-pinene and limonene upon ozone- and OH-induced oxidation, and the effect of OH-induced ageing on the initially produced SOA. For all three terpenes, the ozone-induced SOA was less volatile than the OH-induced SOA. The thermal properties of the SOA were described using three parameters extracted from the volatility measurements: the temperature at which 50% of the volume has evaporated (TVFR0.5), which is used as a general volatility indicator; a slope factor (SVFR), which describes the volatility distribution; and TVFR0.1, which measures the volatility of the least volatile particle fraction. Limonene-derived SOA generally had higher TVFR0.5 values and shallower slopes than SOA derived from α- and β-pinene. This was especially true for the ozone-induced SOA, partially because the ozonolysis of limonene has a strong tendency to cause SOA formation and to produce extremely low volatility VOCs (ELVOCs). Ageing by OH exposure did not reduce TVFR0.5 for any of the studied terpenes but did increase the breadth of the volatility distribution by increasing the aerosols’ heterogeneity and contents of substances with different vapour pressures, also leading to increases in TVFR0.1. This stands in contrast to previously reported results from smog chamber experiments, in which TVFR0.5 always increased with ageing. These results demonstrate that there are two opposing processes that influence the evolution of SOAs’ thermal properties as they age, and that results from both flow reactors and static chambers are needed to fully understand the temporal evolution of atmospheric SOA’ thermal properties. © 2017 The Authors
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| 2. |
- Castell, Nuria, et al.
(författare)
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Citizen Science for Environmental Governance in the Nordic Region
- 2023
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Ingår i: Fast Track to Vision 2030. - Oslo : NordForsk.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Environmental citizen science can be a great tool for a green, competitive, and socially sustainable Nordic Region. It fosters collaboration between citizens, researchers, communities, and authorities to collectively tackle environmental challenges, and encourages participation in decision-making processes related to environmental policies and conservation efforts. To advocate its importance and significance, this policy brief proposes four recommendations for the Nordic Council of Ministers and describes how best to connect and integrate environmental citizen science in the Nordic Region so as to achieve three relevant objectives of the Council's Action Plan.
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| 3. |
- Emanuelsson, Eva U., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of Humidity, Temperature, and Radicals on the Formation and Thermal Properties of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) from Ozonolysis of β-Pinene
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry A. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1089-5639 .- 1520-5215. ; 117:40, s. 10346-10358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of water and radicals on SOAs produced by β-pinene ozonolysis was investigated at 298 and 288 K using a laminar flow reactor. A volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (VTDMA) was used to measure the evaporation of the SOA, enabling the parametrization of its volatility properties. The parameters extracted included the temperature at which 50% of the aerosol had evaporated (TVFR0.5) and the slope factor (SVFR). An increase in SVFR indicates a broader distribution of vapor pressures for the aerosol constituents. Reducing the reaction temperature increased SVFR and decreased TVFR0.5 under humid conditions but had less effect on TVFR0.5 under dry conditions. In general, higher water concentrations gave lower TVFR0.5 values, more negative SVFR values, and a reduction in total SOA production. The radical conditions were changed by introducing OH scavengers to generate systems with and without OH radicals and with different [HO2]/[RO2] ratios. The presence of a scavenger and lower [HO2]/[RO2] ratio reduced SOA production. Observed changes in SVFR values could be linked to the more complex chemistry that occurs in the absence of a scavenger and indicated that additional HO2 chemistry gives products with a wider range of vapor pressures. Updates to existing ozonolysis mechanisms with routes that describe the observed responses to water and radical conditions for monoterpenes with endocyclic and exocyclic double bonds are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Emanuelsson, Eva U., et al.
(författare)
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Parameterization of Thermal Properties of Aging Secondary Organic Aerosol Produced by Photo-Oxidation of Selected Terpene Mixtures
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 48:11, s. 6168-6176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from biogenic VOCs influences the Earth's radiative balance. We have examined the photo-oxidation and aging of boreal terpene mixtures in the SAPHIR simulation chamber. Changes in thermal properties and chemical composition, deduced from mass spectrometric measurements, were providing information on the aging of biogenic SOA produced under ambient solar conditions. Effects of precursor mixture, concentration, and photochemical oxidation levels (OH exposure) were evaluated. OH exposure was found to be the major driver in the long term photochemical transformations, i.e., reaction times of several hours up to days, of SOA and its thermal properties, whereas the initial concentrations and terpenoid mixtures had only minor influence. The volatility distributions were parametrized using a sigmoidal function to determine T-VFR0.5 (the temperature yielding a 50% particle volume fraction remaining) and the steepness of the volatility distribution. T-VFR0.5 increased by 0.3 +/- 0.1% (ca. 1 K), while the steepness increased by 0.9 +/- 0.3% per hour of 1 x 10(6) cm(-3) OH exposure. Thus, aging reduces volatility and increases homogeneity of the vapor pressure distribution, presumably because highly volatile fractions become increasingly susceptible to gas phase oxidation, while less volatile fractions are less reactive with gas phase OH.
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| 5. |
- Flores, J. M., et al.
(författare)
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Evolution of the complex refractive index in the UV spectral region in ageing secondary organic aerosol
- 2014
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 14:11, s. 5793-5806
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chemical and physical properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed by the photochemical degradation of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) are as yet still poorly constrained. The evolution of the complex refractive index (RI) of SOA, formed from purely biogenic VOC and mixtures of biogenic and anthropogenic VOC, was studied over a diurnal cycle in the SAPHIR photochemical outdoor chamber in Julich, Germany. The correlation of RI with SOA chemical and physical properties such as oxidation level and volatility was examined. The RI was retrieved by a newly developed broadband cavity-enhanced spectrometer for aerosol optical extinction measurements in the UV spectral region (360 to 420 nm). Chemical composition and volatility of the particles were monitored by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, and a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer. SOA was formed by ozonolysis of either (i) a mixture of biogenic VOC (alpha-pinene and limonene), (ii) biogenic VOC mixture with subsequent addition of an anthropogenic VOC (p-xylene-d(10)), or (iii) a mixture of biogenic and anthropogenic VOC. The SOA aged by ozone/OH reactions up to 29.5 h was found to be non-absorbing in all cases. The SOA with p-xylene-d(10) showed an increase of the scattering component of the RI correlated with an increase of the O / C ratio and with an increase in the SOA density. There was a greater increase in the scattering component of the RI when the SOA was produced from the mixture of biogenic VOCs and anthropogenic VOC than from the sequential addition of the VOCs after approximately the same ageing time. The increase of the scattering component was inversely correlated with the SOA volatility. Two RI retrievals determined for the pure biogenic SOA showed a constant RI for up to 5 h of ageing. Mass spectral characterization shows the three types of the SOA formed in this study have a significant amount of semivolatile components. The influence of anthropogenic VOCs on the oxygenated organic aerosol as well as the atmospheric implications are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Kristensen, Kasper, et al.
(författare)
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High-Molecular Weight Dimer Esters Are Major Products in Aerosols from α-Pinene Ozonolysis and the Boreal Forest
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 3:8, s. 280-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the contribution of high-molecular weight dimer esters to laboratory-generated α-pinene gas- and particle-phase secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and particulate matter (PM) collected at the Nordic boreal forest site of Hyytiälä, Finland. Laboratory flow reactor experiments (25 °C) show that dimer esters from ozonolysis of α-pinene contribute between 5 and 16% of the freshly formed α-pinene particle-phase SOA mass. An increased level of formation is observed at a higher relative humidity of ∼40%, and the presence of a hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenger is shown to affect the formation of dimer esters. Of the 28 dimer esters identified in laboratory α-pinene SOA, 15 are also observed in ambient PM samples, contributing between 0.5 and 1.6% of the total PM1. The observed esters show good correlation with known α-pinene SOA tracers in collected PM samples. This work reveals an, until now, unrecognized contribution of dimer esters from α-pinene oxidation to boreal forest PM.
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| 7. |
- Le Breton, Michael, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Application of a FIGAERO ToF CIMS for on-line characterization of real-world fresh and aged particle emissions from buses
- 2019
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Ingår i: Aerosol Science and Technology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0278-6826 .- 1521-7388. ; 53:3, s. 244-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2019, © 2019 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. On-line chemical characterization of real-world particle emissions from 13 transit buses was performed using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) equipped with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols (FIGAERO). In addition to the fresh emissions the emissions were artificially aged using a potential aerosol mass reactor (Go:PAM). The buses studied were running on different fuel types (diesel, compressed natural gas, and rapeseed methyl ester) and exhaust after-treatment systems (selective catalytic reduction (SCR), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and a three-way catalyst). When evaluating emissions from passing exhaust plumes using the FIGAERO ToF-CIMS, two technical features were highlighted from this work, the use of high mass calibrants and the factor enhancement method to be able to filter important compounds from mass spectra including hundreds of species. Here, acetate was used as the reagent ion to enable detection of highly oxygenated species in the exhaust particle emissions with potential high toxicity and/or secondary organic aerosol formation (SOA) potential. The acetate ionization scheme accounted for 4% to 46% of the total emitted particulate mass through identification of 61 species in the spectra. For aged emission the various fuel types provided overlapping species that could explain up to 19% of the aged emissions. This is hypothesized to come from the oxidation of engine lubrication oil, thus a common source for various fuels which was further supported by laboratory measurements. Specific markers from the SCR technology, such as urea oxidation products and further byproducts from hydrolysis were identified and attributed to reactions of isocyanic acid.
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| 8. |
- Watne, Ågot, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Fresh and Oxidized Emissions from In-Use Transit Buses Running on Diesel, Biodiesel, and CNG
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 52:14, s. 7720-7728
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential effect of changing to a nonfossil fuel vehicle fleet was investigated by measuring primary emissions (by extractive sampling of bus plumes) and secondary mass formation, using a Gothenburg Potential Aerosol Mass (Go:PAM) reactor, from 29 in-use transit buses. Regarding fresh emissions, diesel (DSL) buses without a diesel particulate filter (DPF) emitted the highest median mass of particles, whereas compressed natural gas (CNG) buses emitted the lowest ((EFPM)-E-Md 514 and 11 mg kg(fuel)(-1) respectively). Rapeseed methyl ester (RME) buses showed smaller (EFPM)-E-Md and particle sizes than DSL buses. DSL (no DPF) and hybrid-electric RME (RMEHEV) buses exhibited the highest particle numbers ((EFPN)-E-Md 12 X 10(14) # kg(fuel)(-1)). RMEHEv buses displayed a significant nucleation mode (D-p < 20 nm). EFPN of CNG buses spanned the highest to lowest values measured. Low (EFPN)-E-Md and (EFPM)-E-Md were observed for a DPF-equipped DSL bus. Secondary particle formation resulting from exhaust aging was generally important for all the buses (79% showed an average EFPM:AGED/EF(PM)(:FRE)s H ratio >10) and fuel types tested, suggesting an important nonfuel dependent source. The results suggest that the potential for forming secondary mass should be considered in future fuel shifts, since the environmental impact is different when only considering the primary emissions.
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| 9. |
- Zhao, D. F., et al.
(författare)
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Size-dependent hygroscopicity parameter (κ) and chemical composition of secondary organic cloud condensation nuclei
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 1944-8007. ; 42:24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Secondary organic aerosol components (SOA) contribute significantly to the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the atmosphere. The CCN activity of internally mixed submicron SOA particles is often parameterized assuming a size-independent single-hygroscopicity parameter κ. In the experiments done in a large atmospheric reactor (SAPHIR, Simulation of Atmospheric PHotochemistry In a large Reaction chamber, Jülich), we consistently observed size-dependent κ and particle composition for SOA from different precursors in the size range of 50nm–200nm. Smaller particles had higher κ and a higher degree of oxidation, although all particles were formed from the same reaction mixture. Since decreasing volatility and increasing hygroscopicity often covary with the degree of oxidation, the size dependence of composition and hence of CCN activity can be understood by enrichment of higher oxygenated, low-volatility hygroscopic compounds in smaller particles. Neglecting the size dependence of κ can lead to significant bias in the prediction of the activated fraction of particles during cloud formation.
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