| 1. |
- Alix, James J. P., et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of the reliability of the motor unit size index (MUSIX) in single subject "round-robin" and multi-centre settings
- 2019
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Ingår i: Clinical Neurophysiology. - : ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD. - 1388-2457 .- 1872-8952. ; 130:5, s. 666-674
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The motor unit size index (MUSIX) is incorporated into the motor unit number index (MUNIX). Our objective was to assess the intra-/inter-rater reliability of MUSIX in healthy volunteers across single subject "round robin" and multi-centre settings.Methods: Data were obtained from (i) a round-robin assessment in which 12 raters (6 with prior experience and 6 without) assessed six muscles (abductor pollicis brevis, abductor digiti minimi, biceps brachii, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum brevis and abductor hallucis) and (ii) a multi-centre study with 6 centres studying the same muscles in 66 healthy volunteers. Intrafinter-rater data were provided by 5 centres, 1 centre provided only intra-rater data. Intrafinter-rater variability was assessed using the coefficient of variation (COV), Bland-Altman plots, bias and 95% limits of agreement.Results: In the round-robin assessment intra-rater COVs for MUSIX ranged from 7.8% to 28.4%. Inter-rater variability was between 7.8% and 16.2%. Prior experience did not impact on MUSIX values. In the multi-centre study MUSIX was more consistent than the MUNIX. Abductor hallucis was the least reliable muscle.Conclusions: The MUSIX is a reliable neurophysiological biomarker of reinnervation.Significance: MUSIX could provide insights into the pathophysiology of a range of neuromuscular disorders, providing a quantitative biomarker of reinnervation.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Almeida Costa, Nicole, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Testing Proof of Concept of a Web-Based Ship Manoeuvring Training Tool in the Classroom
- 2019
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Ingår i: Proceedings of Ergoship 2019. - 9788293677048 ; , s. 1-10
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Currently, real-time ship manoeuvring simulations are confined to static environments e.g., desktop/full-mission bridge simulators. Seaman Online™ is a novel web-based ship manoeuvring training tool allowing students and professional mariners to practice manoeuvres in ports and confined waters from their personal computers. This paper describes the tool’s first-time implementation in a Master Mariner university programme. The students were asked to complete a post-questionnaire regarding their use experience and the results were discussed between the course instructors and the toolproviding organization at two debriefings. The aim was to obtain feedback about (a) the usefulness of the tool in manoeuvring training; (b) further design improvements and usability; and (c) how to best incorporate it into the programme curriculum in coming academic years for improved user experience. Results revealed usability and maturity issues and the need for further guidance on simulation-based training objectives and limitations. Overall, the tool’s usefulness and potential in individual manoeuvring training were demonstrated.
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| 4. |
- Aylward, Katie A, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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An evaluation of low-level automation navigation functions upon vessel traffic services work practices
- 2020
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 19:3, s. 313-335
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Sea Traffic Management (STM) Validation Project is a European-based initiative with ambitions to improve maritime safety and efficiency through information sharing in real time. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the “STM services,” which can be categorized as low-level automated functions designed to improve information exchange between ship and shore. Full-scale simulated scenarios were developed and tested on 16 professional vessel traffic service (VTS) operators comparing VTS operations as they are today with the added STM functionality. Data collection involved observations which assessed the frequency and type of interactions between ships and VTS, followed by questionnaires to provide an overall assessment of the user experience. The results indicate that the frequency and method of communication patterns between VTS operators and ships will be affected by the integration of the STM services. Additional access to navigational information could change the role of VTS operators in traffic situations compared with traditional operations. This paper discusses the findings from a socio-technical systems perspective while also addressing the individual STM services and their potential impact on VTS operations. This research provides valuable information for European VTS centers that could be affected by the implementation of e-Navigation and, specifically, the STM services.
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| 5. |
- Aylward, Katie A, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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"Are You Planning to Follow Your Route?" The Effect of Route Exchange on Decision Making, Trust, and Safety
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. - : MDPI AG. - 2077-1312. ; 8:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Sea Traffic Management (STM) Validation project is a European based initiative which focuses on connecting and updating the maritime world in real time, with efficient information exchange. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate two functions developed during the project: a ship to ship route exchange (S2SREX) function and rendezvous (RDV) information layer, collectively referred to as S2SREX/RDV. S2SREX displays the route segment consisting of the next seven waypoints of the monitored route of a collaborating ship and the RDV layer that predicts a meeting point. S2SREX/RDV provides supplementary information to data acquired by existing navigation systems and is intended to improve situational awareness and safety through a more comprehensive understanding of the surrounding traffic. Chalmers University of Technology and Solent University completed an experiment using twenty-four experienced navigators in bridge simulators. Six traffic scenarios were developed by subject matter experts and tested with and without S2SREX/RDV functionalities. Qualitative data were collected using post-test questionnaires and group debriefs to evaluate the participants' perceptions of S2SREX/RDV in the various traffic scenarios, and quantitative data were collected to assess the ship distances and behavior in relation to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs). The results revealed that participants generally trusted the S2SREX/RDV information, and most used S2SREX/RDV for decision support. The quantitative assessment revealed that the COLREGs were breached more often when S2SREX/RDV was used. Experimental findings are discussed in relation to safety, trust, reliance, situational awareness, and human-automation interaction constructs.
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| 6. |
- Aylward, Katie A, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Navigators’ views of a collision avoidance decision support system for maritime navigation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Navigation. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0373-4633 .- 1469-7785. ; 75:5, s. 1035-1048
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maritime navigation is a complex task involving the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of information using seamanship, professional knowledge, and technology. As the maritime industry transitions towards maritimeautonomous surface ships (MASS), there is an increasing gap between the operator and the technology. This paper explores a collision avoidance decision support system for navigation from the navigator’s perspective. The system, developed by Wärtsilä, is called Advanced Intelligent Manoeuvring (AIM) and can generate suggestions for course or speed alterations based on data from surrounding traffic. Nineteen Swedish navigators completed three ship traffic scenarios with and without decision support. Qualitative data were collected using interviews and analysed with thematic analysis. The results show that the participants perceive the decision support system as an advisory tool to visualise how traffic situations could unfold, a task currently difficult for most navigators. This paper discusses the present and near future of maritime navigation, highlighting the benefits of automation, whileremaining vigilant about the potential dangers.
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| 7. |
- Aylward, Katie, et al.
(författare)
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"Are you planning to follow your route?" The effect of route exchange on decision making, trust, and safety
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. - 2077-1312. ; 8:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2020 by the authors. The Sea Traffic Management (STM) Validation project is a European based initiative which focuses on connecting and updating the maritime world in real time, with efficient information exchange. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate two functions developed during the project: a ship to ship route exchange (S2SREX) function and rendezvous (RDV) information layer, collectively referred to as S2SREX/RDV. S2SREX displays the route segment consisting of the next seven waypoints of the monitored route of a collaborating ship and the RDV layer that predicts a meeting point. S2SREX/RDV provides supplementary information to data acquired by existing navigation systems and is intended to improve situational awareness and safety through a more comprehensive understanding of the surrounding traffic. Chalmers University of Technology and Solent University completed an experiment using twenty-four experienced navigators in bridge simulators. Six traffic scenarios were developed by subject matter experts and tested with and without S2SREX/RDV functionalities. Qualitative data were collected using post-test questionnaires and group debriefs to evaluate the participants' perceptions of S2SREX/RDV in the various traffic scenarios, and quantitative data were collected to assess the ship distances and behavior in relation to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs). The results revealed that participants generally trusted the S2SREX/RDV information, and most used S2SREX/RDV for decision support. The quantitative assessment revealed that the COLREGs were breached more often when S2SREX/RDV was used. Experimental findings are discussed in relation to safety, trust, reliance, situational awareness, and human-automation interaction constructs.
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| 8. |
- Aylward, K., et al.
(författare)
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The implementation of e-Navigation services: Are we ready?
- 2018
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Ingår i: RINA, Royal Institution of Naval Architects - Human Factors 2018, Papers.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advanced technologies and services are being developed to improve safety and efficiency of navigation at sea. The Sea Traffic Management (STM) EU Project is one of the largest e-Navigation projects examining the digitalization of the shipping sector. The newly developed "STM Services" allow ships to share their monitored route with other ships, planned and/or monitored routes with shore centers and receive suggested routes from shore centers. These tools also allow ships to receive navigational warnings, ETA updates, and chat messages from shore center services. The European Maritime Simulator Network (EMSN), consisting of twelve ship handling simulators based in seven EU countries, examines the potential impact of these services through full scale simulations with scenarios involving up to 30 ships, complimenting the feasibility and understanding of implementing the STM services in live test beds. Two weeks of full scale EMSN simulations with seafarers were completed comparing navigation as it is today with navigation using STM Services. Structured debriefing sessions were completed at the end of every day, to obtain feedback on the STM Services. The feedback from participant debriefs was analyzed in relation to safety, efficiency, and usability of the STM Services. The results indicate that the seafarers are positive about the idea of e-Navigation services, and believe that these services could provide additional time to plan, act, and respond to a navigational challenge. However, there were concerns related to their implementation, and the potential negative affect of digitization of current navigational processes which may lead to an increased risk for incidents related to situation awareness, mis-communication, and human error.
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| 9. |
- Brödje, Anders, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting voice communication between navigator and VTS by visual solutions - exploring the use of the “route suggestion” functionality within VTS
- 2015
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Ingår i: Information, Communication and Environment: Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation. - : CRC Press. - 9781315672588 ; , s. 267-273
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present paper describes an experiment where a VTS uses the functionality of “route suggestion” to visually support communication between navigators and VTS Operators. The idea of “route suggestion”, a crucial part of current developments within e-navigation, was first introduced with the EfficienSea project and has since been matured within the MONALISA and ACCSEAS projects. Within the ACCSEAS project the functionality has been augmented through the notion of “intended routes”, where vessels transmit sections of their planned routes using ECDIS in order for navigators to better understand the intentions of other, nearby, vessels. Also, “route suggestions” has been developed for use by shore stations, such as VTS, to transmit route segments to individual vessels within its area of responsibility. As part of the ACCSEAS project, the latter was tested in a simulator consisting of two full mission bridges and two VTSs, each of the two working in pairs, bridge-VTS. Five different scenarios were used, all set in the entrance of the river Humber, UK. In total, nine Pilots/Masters (Unlimited licence) and two VTS Operators participated in the experiment which ran over four days and was divided into two different simulations. ECDIS and VTS system were represented by the shipboard as well as the shore-based E-navigation Prototype Display system, as developed by the Danish Maritime Authority within the MONALISA and ACCSEAS projects. Data was collected using questionnaires, observation and video protocols. The observation protocol and the video protocol were coded and micro coded using MaxQDA and the questionnaires were used for comparison between the different participants following the analysis of protocol data in MaxQDA. Results indicate that there were no differences in acceptance of the tested “route suggestion” functionality between participants of different age, nor previous experiences as navigators/VTS Operators. Further, the results strongly indicate that the acceptance of the “route suggestion” functionality was due to the VTS Operators bridging the introduction of the new functionality by voice communication. Thus, the “route suggestion” functionality served as a graphical means of supporting voice communication between navigator and VTS Operator.
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| 10. |
- Mackinnon, Scott, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial Intelligence in Maritime Navigation: A Human Factors Perspective
- 2020
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Ingår i: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2194-5365 .- 2194-5357. ; 1212 AISC, s. 429-435
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Artificial intelligence (AI) may be the panacea for improving safety and efficiency in shipping. Solutions to navigation problems are often challenged by information uncertainty, complexity and time demands. Tactical decisions to understand traffic patterns and future vessel encounters can be compared to a game of chess where an agent has goals and considers the next several moves in advance. AI approaches to machine learning is a reactive tactic but remains relatively ‘‘weak” and relies on computational power and smart algorithms to recreate each decision every time. Ships are required to follow the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. While assumed to be the defining rules of the road, these may be ‘‘violated” to solve traffic situations in practice without creating increased risk to the situation. In order to create safe and reliable technologies to support autonomous shipping, the system cannot just rely on where it has to go but anticipate the goals of the surrounding vessels. This paper will explore the challenges, knowledge and technology gaps regarding AI in the shipping sector.
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