| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Zuberbier, T., et al.
(författare)
-
Proposal of 0.5 mg of protein/100 g of processed food as threshold for voluntary declaration of food allergen traces in processed food-A first step in an initiative to better inform patients and avoid fatal allergic reactions: A GA(2)LEN position paper
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Allergy. - : Wiley. - 0105-4538 .- 1398-9995. ; 77:6, s. 1736-1750
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Food anaphylaxis is commonly elicited by unintentional ingestion of foods containing the allergen above the tolerance threshold level of the individual. While labeling the 14 main allergens used as ingredients in food products is mandatory in the EU, there is no legal definition of declaring potential contaminants. Precautionary allergen labeling such as "may contain traces of" is often used. However, this is unsatisfactory for consumers as they get no information if the contamination is below their personal threshold. In discussions with the food industry and technologists, it was suggested to use a voluntary declaration indicating that all declared contaminants are below a threshold of 0.5 mg protein per 100 g of food. This concentration is known to be below the threshold of most patients, and it can be technically guaranteed in most food production. However, it was also important to assess that in case of accidental ingestion of contaminants below this threshold by highly allergic patients, no fatal anaphylactic reaction could occur. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to assess whether a fatal reaction to 5mg of protein or less has been reported, assuming that a maximum portion size of 1kg of a processed food exceeds any meal and thus gives a sufficient safety margin. Methods MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched until 24 January 2021 for provocation studies and case reports in which one of the 14 major food allergens was reported to elicit fatal or life-threatening anaphylactic reactions and assessed if these occurred below the ingestion of 5mg of protein. A Delphi process was performed to obtain an expert consensus on the results. Results In the 210 studies included, in our search, no reports of fatal anaphylactic reactions reported below 5 mg protein ingested were identified. However, in provocation studies and case reports, severe reactions below 5 mg were reported for the following allergens: eggs, fish, lupin, milk, nuts, peanuts, soy, and sesame seeds. Conclusion Based on the literature studied for this review, it can be stated that cross-contamination of the 14 major food allergens below 0.5 mg/100 g is likely not to endanger most food allergic patients when a standard portion of food is consumed. We propose to use the statement "this product contains the named allergens in the list of ingredients, it may contain traces of other contaminations (to be named, e.g. nut) at concentrations less than 0.5 mg per 100 g of this product" for a voluntary declaration on processed food packages. This level of avoidance of cross-contaminations can be achieved technically for most processed foods, and the statement would be a clear and helpful message to the consumers. However, it is clearly acknowledged that a voluntary declaration is only a first step to a legally binding solution. For this, further research on threshold levels is encouraged.
|
|
| 3. |
- Dramburg, S, et al.
(författare)
-
EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide 2.0
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - 1399-3038. ; 3434 Suppl 28, s. e13854-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Lawniczak, Mara K. N., et al.
(författare)
-
Standards recommendations for the Earth BioGenome Project
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A global international initiative, such as the Earth BioGenome Project (EBP), requires both agreement and coordination on standards to ensure that the collective effort generates rapid progress toward its goals. To this end, the EBP initiated five technical standards committees comprising volunteer members from the global genomics scientific community: Sample Collection and Processing, Sequencing and Assembly, Annotation, Analysis, and IT and Informatics. The current versions of the resulting standards documents are available on the EBP website, with the recognition that opportunities, technologies, and challenges may improve or change in the future, requiring flexibility for the EBP to meet its goals. Here, we describe some highlights from the proposed standards, and areas where additional challenges will need to be met.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Baranska, S., et al.
(författare)
-
Regulation of the switch from early to late bacteriophage lambda DNA replication
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Microbiology. - : Microbiology Society. - 1350-0872 .- 1465-2080. ; 147, s. 535-547
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are two modes of bacteriophage lambda DNA replication following infection of its host, Escherichia coli. Early after infection, replication occurs according to the theta (theta or circle-to-circle) mode, and is later switched to the sigma (sigma or rolling-circle) mode. It is not known how this switch, occurring at a specific time in the infection cycle, is regulated. Here it is demonstrated that in type cells the replication starting from ori lambda proceeds both bidirectionally and unidirectionally, whereas in bacteria devoid of a functional DnaA protein, replication from ori lambda is predominantly unidirectional. The regulation of directionality of replication from ori lambda is mediated by positive control of lambda p(R) promoter activity by DnaA, since the mode of replication of an artificial lambda replicon bearing the p(tet) promoter instead of p(R) was found to be independent of DnaA function. These findings and results of density-shift experiments suggest that in dnaA mutants infected with lambda, phage DNA replication proceeds predominantly according to the unidirectional theta mechanism and is switched early after infection to the sigma mode. It is proposed that in wild-type E. coli cells infected with lambda, phage DNA replication proceeds according to a bidirectional theta mechanism early after infection due to efficient transcriptional activation of ori lambda, stimulated by the host DnaA protein. After a few rounds of this type of replication, the resulting increased copy number of lambda genomic DNA may cause a depletion of free DnaA protein because of its interaction with the multiple DnaA-binding sites in lambda DNA. It is proposed that this may lead to inefficient transcriptional activation of ori lambda resulting in unidirectional theta replication followed by sigma type replication.
|
|
| 8. |
- Wegrzyn, A., et al.
(författare)
-
ClpP/ClpX-mediated degradation of the bacteriophage lambda O protein and regulation of lambda phage and lambda plasmid replication
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Archives of Microbiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0302-8933 .- 1432-072X. ; 174:02-jan, s. 89-96
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The O protein is a replication initiator that binds to the ori lambda region and promotes assembly of the bacteriophage lambda replication complex. This protein, although protected from proteases by other elements of the replication complex, in a free form is rapidly degraded in the host, Escherichia coil, by the ClpP/ClpX protease. Nevertheless, the physiological role of this rapid degradation remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that the copy number of plasmids derived from bacteriophage lambda is significantly higher in wild-type cells growing in rich media than in slowly growing bacteria. However, lambda plasmid copy number in bacteria devoid of the ClpP/ClpX protease was not dependent on the bacterial growth rate and in all minimal media rested was comparable to that observed in wildtype cells growing in a rich medium. Contrary to lambda plasmid replication, the efficiency of lytic growth of bacteriophage lambda was found to be dependent on the host growth rate in both wild-type bacteria and clpP and clpX mutants. The activities of two major lambda promoters operating during the lytic development, p(R) and p(L), were found to be slightly dependent on the host growth rate. However, when p(R) activity was significantly decreased in the dnaA mutant, production of phage progeny was completely abolished at low growth rates. These results indicate that the O protein (whose level in E. coli cells depends on the activity of ClpP/ClpX protease) is a major limiting factor in the regulation of lambda plasmid replication at low bacterial growth rates. However, this protein seems to be only one of the limiting factors in the bacteriophage lambda lytic development under poor growth conditions of host cells. Therefore, it seems that the role of the rapid ClpP/ClpX-mediated proteolysis of the O protein is to decrease the efficiency of early DNA replication of the phage in slowly growing host cells.
|
|
| 9. |
- Gabig-Ciminska, Magdalena, et al.
(författare)
-
Electric chips for rapid detection and quantification of nucleic acids
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Biosensors & bioelectronics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-5663 .- 1873-4235. ; 19:6, s. 537-546
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A silicon chip-based electric detector coupled to bead-based sandwich hybridization (BBSH) is presented as an approach to perform rapid analysis of specific nucleic acids. A microfluidic platform incorporating paramagnetic beads with immobilized capture probes is used for the biorecognition steps. The protocol involves simultaneous sandwich hybridization of a single-stranded nucleic acid target with the capture probe on the beads and with a detection probe in the reaction solution, followed by enzyme labeling of the detection probe, enzymatic reaction, and finally, potentiometric measurement of the enzyme product at the chip surface. Anti-DIG-alkaline phosphatase conjugate was used for the enzyme labeling of the DIG-labeled detection probe. p-Aminophenol phosphate (pAPP) was used as a substrate. The enzyme reaction product, p-aminophenol (pAP), is oxidized at the anode of the chip to quinoneimine that is reduced back to pAP at the cathode. The cycling oxidation and reduction of these compounds result in a current producing a characteristic signal that can be related to the concentration of the analyte. The performance of the different steps in the assay was characterized using in vitro synthesized RNA oligonucleotides and then the instrument was used for analysis of 16S rRNA in Escherichia coli extract. The assay time depends on the sensitivity required. Artificial RNA target and 16S rRNA, in amounts ranging from 10(11) to 10(10) molecules, were assayed within 25 min and 4 h, respectively.
|
|
| 10. |
- Orłowski, P., et al.
(författare)
-
Antiviral activity of tannic acid modified silver nanoparticles: Potential to activate immune response in herpes genitalis
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Viruses. - : MDPI AG. - 1999-4915. ; 10:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- (1) Background: Tannic acid is a plant-derived polyphenol showing antiviral activity mainly because of an interference with the viral adsorption. In this work, we tested whether the modification of silver nanoparticles with tannic acid (TA-AgNPs) can provide a microbicide with additional adjuvant properties to treat genital herpes infection. (2) Methods: The mouse model of the vaginal herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection was used to test immune responses after treatment of the primary infection with TA-AgNPs, and later, after a re-challenge with the virus. (3) Results: The mice treated intravaginally with TA-AgNPs showed better clinical scores and lower virus titers in the vaginal tissues soon after treatment. Following a re-challenge, the vaginal tissues treated with TA-AgNPs showed a significant increase in the percentages of IFN-gamma+ CD8+ T-cells, activated B cells, and plasma cells, while the spleens contained significantly higher percentages of IFN-gamma+ NK cells and effector-memory CD8+ T cells in comparison to NaCl-treated group. TA-AgNPs-treated animals also showed significantly better titers of anti-HSV-2 neutralization antibodies in sera; and (4) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that TA-AgNPs sized 33 nm can be an effective anti-viral microbicide to be applied upon the mucosal tissues with additional adjuvant properties enhancing an anti-HSV-2 immune response following secondary challenge.
|
|
