| 1. |
- Mobbs, D, et al.
(författare)
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When fear is near: threat imminence elicits prefrontal-periaqueductal gray shifts in humans
- 2007
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Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 317:5841, s. 1079-1083
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humans, like other animals, alter their behavior depending on whether a threat is close or distant. We investigated spatial imminence of threat by developing an active avoidance paradigm in which volunteers were pursued through a maze by a virtual predator endowed with an ability to chase, capture, and inflict pain. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that as the virtual predator grew closer, brain activity shifted from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the periaqueductal gray. This shift showed maximal expression when a high degree of pain was anticipated. Moreover, imminence-driven periaqueductal gray activity correlated with increased subjective degree of dread and decreased confidence of escape. Our findings cast light on the neural dynamics of threat anticipation and have implications for the neurobiology of human anxiety-related disorders.
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| 5. |
- Falk, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Trajectory-Augmented Visualization of Lagrangian Coherent Structures in Unsteady Flow
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Symposium on Flow Visualization (ISFV14).
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) field can be used for many purposes, from the analysis of the predictability in dynamical systems to the topological analysis of timedependent vector fields. In the topological context, the topic of this work, FTLE ridges represent Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS), a counterpart to separatrices in vector field topology. Since the explicit vector field behavior cannot be deduced from these representations, they may be augmented by line integral convolution patterns, a computational flow visualization counterpart to the surface oil flow method. This is, however, strictly meaningful only in stationary vector fields. Here, we propose an augmentation that visualizes the LCS-inducing flow behavior by means of complete trajectories but avoids occlusion and visual clutter. For this we exploit the FTLE for both the selection of significant trajectories as well as their individual representation. This results in 3D line representations for 2D vector fields by treating 2D time-dependent vector fields in 3D space-time. We present two variants of the approach, one easing the choice of the finite advection time for FTLE analysis and one for investigating the flow once the time is chosen.
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| 7. |
- Gao, Y, et al.
(författare)
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Ancestral SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells cross-recognize the Omicron variant
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-170X .- 1078-8956. ; 28:3, s. 472-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant of concern (VOC) has destabilized global efforts to control the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recent data have suggested that B.1.1.529 can readily infect people with naturally acquired or vaccine-induced immunity, facilitated in some cases by viral escape from antibodies that neutralize ancestral SARS-CoV-2. However, severe disease appears to be relatively uncommon in such individuals, highlighting a potential role for other components of the adaptive immune system. We report here that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by prior infection or BNT162b2 vaccination provide extensive immune coverage against B.1.1.529. The median relative frequencies of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ T cells that cross-recognized B.1.1.529 in previously infected or BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals were 84% and 91%, respectively, and the corresponding median relative frequencies for SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD8+ T cells were 70% and 92%, respectively. Pairwise comparisons across groups further revealed that SARS-CoV-2 spike-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were functionally and phenotypically similar in response to the ancestral strain or B.1.1.529. Collectively, our data indicate that established SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, especially after BNT162b2 vaccination, remain largely intact against B.1.1.529.
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| 8. |
- Kostka, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Unraveling COVID-19: A Large-Scale Characterization of 4.5 Million COVID-19 Cases Using CHARYBDIS.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Clinical epidemiology. - 1179-1349. ; 14, s. 369-384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Routinely collected real world data (RWD) have great utility in aiding the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic response. Here we present the international Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) Characterizing Health Associated Risks and Your Baseline Disease In SARS-COV-2 (CHARYBDIS) framework for standardisation and analysis of COVID-19 RWD.We conducted a descriptive retrospective database study using a federated network of data partners in the United States, Europe (the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, Germany, France and Italy) and Asia (South Korea and China). The study protocol and analytical package were released on 11th June 2020 and are iteratively updated via GitHub. We identified three non-mutually exclusive cohorts of 4,537,153 individuals with a clinical COVID-19 diagnosis or positive test, 886,193 hospitalized with COVID-19, and 113,627 hospitalized with COVID-19 requiring intensive services.We aggregated over 22,000 unique characteristics describing patients with COVID-19. All comorbidities, symptoms, medications, and outcomes are described by cohort in aggregate counts and are readily available online. Globally, we observed similarities in the USA and Europe: more women diagnosed than men but more men hospitalized than women, most diagnosed cases between 25 and 60 years of age versus most hospitalized cases between 60 and 80 years of age. South Korea differed with more women than men hospitalized. Common comorbidities included type 2 diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease and heart disease. Common presenting symptoms were dyspnea, cough and fever. Symptom data availability was more common in hospitalized cohorts than diagnosed.We constructed a global, multi-centre view to describe trends in COVID-19 progression, management and evolution over time. By characterising baseline variability in patients and geography, our work provides critical context that may otherwise be misconstrued as data quality issues. This is important as we perform studies on adverse events of special interest in COVID-19 vaccine surveillance.
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| 9. |
- Laramee, R. S., et al.
(författare)
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Applications of Texture-Based Flow Visualization
- 2008
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Ingår i: Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics. - : HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIV. - 1994-2060 .- 1997-003X. ; 2:3, s. 264-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flow visualization is a classic sub-field of scientific visualization. The task of flow visualization algorithms is to depict vector data, i.e., data with magnitude and direction. An important category of flow visualization techniques makes use primarily of textures in order to convey the properties of a vector field. Recently, several research advances have been made in this special category, of dense, texture-based techniques. We present the application of the most recent texture-based techniques to real world data from (1) oceanography and meteorology, (2) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the automotive industry, and (3) medicine. We describe the motivations for using texture-based algorithms as well as the important recent advancements required for their successful incorporation into industry grade software. Our goal is to appeal to practitioners in the field interested in learning how these recent techniques can help them gain insight into problems that engineers and other professionals may be faced with on a daily basis. Many of these applications have only recently become possible.
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| 10. |
- Weiskopf, Sarah R., et al.
(författare)
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A Conceptual Framework to Integrate Biodiversity, Ecosystem Function, and Ecosystem Service Models
- 2022
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Ingår i: BioScience. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0006-3568 .- 1525-3244. ; 72:11, s. 1062-1073
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global biodiversity and ecosystem service models typically operate independently. Ecosystem service projections may therefore be overly optimistic because they do not always account for the role of biodiversity in maintaining ecological functions. We review models used in recent global model intercomparison projects and develop a novel model integration framework to more fully account for the role of biodiversity in ecosystem function, a key gap for linking biodiversity changes to ecosystem services. We propose two integration pathways. The first uses empirical data on biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships to bridge biodiversity and ecosystem function models and could currently be implemented globally for systems and taxa with sufficient data. We also propose a trait-based approach involving greater incorporation of biodiversity into ecosystem function models. Pursuing both approaches will provide greater insight into biodiversity and ecosystem services projections. Integrating biodiversity, ecosystem function, and ecosystem service modeling will enhance policy development to meet global sustainability goals.
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